Pliensbachian

System/ Period	Series/ Epoch	Stage/ Age	Age (Ma)
Cretaceous	Lower/ Early	Berriasian	younger
Jurassic	Upper/ Late	Tithonian	145.0–152.1
		Kimmeridgian	152.1–157.3
		Oxfordian	157.3–163.5
	Mid/ Middle	Callovian	163.5–166.1
		Bathonian	166.1–168.3
		Bajocian	168.3–170.3
		Aalenian	170.3–174.1
	Lower/ Early	Toarcian	174.1–182.7
		Pliensbachian	182.7–190.8
		Sinemurian	190.8–199.3
		Hettangian	199.3–201.3
Triassic	Upper/ Late	Rhaetian	older
Subdivision of the Jurassic system according to the IUGS, as of July 2012.

The Pliensbachian is an age of the geologic timescale or stage in the stratigraphic column. It is part of the Early or Lower Jurassic epoch or series and spans the time between 190.8 ± 1.5 Ma and 182.7 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago). The Pliensbachian is preceded by the Sinemurian and followed by the Toarcian.

The Pliensbachian ended with the extinction event called the Toarcian turnover. During the Pliensbachian, the middle part of the Lias was deposited in Europe. The Pliensbachian is roughly coeval with the Charmouthian regional stage of North America.

Stratigraphic definitions

The Pliensbachian takes its name from the hamlet of Pliensbach in the community of Zell unter Aichelberg in the Swabian Alb, some 30 km east of Stuttgart in Germany. The name was introduced into scientific literature by German palaeontologist Albert Oppel in 1858.

The base of the Pliensbachian is at the first appearances of the ammonite species Bifericeras donovani and genera Apoderoceras and Gleviceras. The Wine Haven profile near Robin Hood's Bay (Yorkshire, England) has been appointed as global reference profile for the base (GSSP).

The top of the Pliensbachian (the base of the Toarcian stage) is at the first appearance of ammonite genus Eodactylites.

Biostratigraphy

Pleuroceras spinatum Museum of Toulouse

The Pliensbachian contains five ammonite biozones in the boreal domain:

• zone of Pleuroceras spinatum
• zone of Amaltheus margaritatus
• zone of Prodactylioceras davoei
• zone of Tragophylloceras ibex
• zone of Uptonia jamesoni

In the Tethys domain, the Pliensbachian contains six biozones:

• zone of Emaciaticeras emaciatum
• zone of Arieticeras algovianum
• zone of Fuciniceras lavinianum
• zone of Prodactylioceras davoei
• zone of Tragophylloceras ibex
• zone of Uptonia jamesoni

Palaeontology

†Ornithischians

Ornithischians of the Pliensbachian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Bienosaurus		Lower Lufeng Formation, Yunnan, China	A dubious basal thyreophoran
Tatisaurus		Lower Lufeng Formation, Yunnan, China	Description based on only a partial left mandible with teeth, a dubious basal thyreophoran

Theropoda

Theropods of the Pliensbachian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Cryolophosaurus		Hanson Formation, Antarctica	A dilophosaurid. About 6 to 8 meters (20 to 26 feet) long with a high, narrow skull and a peculiar nasal crest just over the eyes.
Dilophosaurus	Sinemurian to Pliensbachian	Arizona, USA; Yunnan, China	Measured around six meters (20 ft) long and may have weighed half a ton. The most distinctive characteristic of Dilophosaurus is the pair of rounded crests on its skull, possibly used for display.

References

Literature

• Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.
• Howart, M.K.; 2002: The Lower Lias of Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, and the work of Leslie Bairstow, Bulletin of The Natural History Museum. Geology Series 58, p. 81–152, Cambridge University Press, The Natural History Museum, (abstract)
• Meister, C.; Aberhan, M.; Blau, J.; Dommergues, J.-L.; Feist-Burkhardt, S.; Hailwood, E.A.; Hart, M.; Hesselbo, S.P.; Hounslow, M.W.; Hylton, M.; Morton, N.; Page, K & Price, G.D.; 2006: The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Pliensbachian Stage (Lower Jurassic), Wine Haven, Yorkshire, UK, Episodes 29(2), pp. 93–106.
• Oppel, C.A.; 1856-1858: Die Juraformation Englands, Frankreichs und des südwestlichen Deutschlands: nach ihren einzelnen Gliedern engetheilt und verglichen, 857 pp., Ebner & Seubert, Stuttgart. (German)

External links

• GeoWhen Database - Pliensbachian
• Lower Jurassic timescale, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
• Stratigraphic chart of the Lower Jurassic, at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy