Pont Gustave-Flaubert

Pont Gustave-Flaubert
File:Belem sous le pont Flaubert.jpg
Coordinates
Crosses	Seine River
Locale	Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Normandy, France
Characteristics
Design	Vertical-lift bridge
Material	Concrete and steel
Total length	670 m (2,200 ft)
Longest span	100 m (330 ft)
Clearance below	7 m (23 ft) (closed) 55 m (180 ft) (open)
History
Construction begin	2004
Construction end	2007
Construction cost	€60 million (bridge) €137 million (entire project)
Opened	25 September 2008
Statistics
Daily traffic	50,000 vehicles/day (predicted)
Pont Gustave-Flaubert is located in Upper Normandy Pont Gustave-Flaubert Location in Upper Normandy

The Pont Gustave-Flaubert (English: Gustave Flaubert Bridge) is a vertical-lift bridge over the River Seine in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Normandy, France. It officially opened on 25 September 2008 after four years of work.

The bridge itself cost approximately €60 million to build, but the associated approach roads and other infrastructure made the total cost €137 million. Construction work began in June 2004. Rouen City Council named the bridge on 15 December 2006, after the famous 19th-century novelist Gustave Flaubert, who was born and died in Rouen.

History

Construction

File:Pont Gustave Flaubert Détail d'une pile.jpg

Close-up of a pylon (stanchion)

The contract for the bridge construction, without the approaching viaducts, was €60 million. It was won by Quille, a subsidiary of Bouygues, in association with the Eiffel company, Eiffage and the Belgian firm Victor Buyck. The total cost of construction, including the approaches, was €137 million. The déclaration d'utilité publique passed in September 2001.

Work began in June 2004. The installation of "butterflies" (supporting trusses) at the top of the stanchions was completed on 16 and 17 August 2006; the approaches were completed on 21 and 22 August 2006.

On 14 April 2007, the barque Belem, which had been docked for a month, went under the bridge, after initial tests that allowed the bridge to lift enough to let her pass. A crowd from Rouen was present to celebrate the event.

The design team, included the engineering firm Arcadis NV and the consultancy firm Eurodim. The specialist machinery was designed by Aymeric Zublena, one of the architects of the Stade de France, and Michel Virlogeux, designer of the Pont de Normandie Bridge and the Millau Viaduct.

Name

The bridge is named after the writer Gustave Flaubert. The name was finally chosen on 15 December 2006 by Rouen City Council of Rouen, after consultation with the people of Rouen with a choice between this or "Ponte Rouen La Salle", after the explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, also born in Rouen. In the meantime it was just known as "The sixth bridge".

Location

Two general routes were considered:

• A crossing of the Seine west of Grand Quevilly
• A crossing of the Seine east of Grand Quevilly and Petit Quevilly.

The western route was dismissed because of the hilly, afforested terrain, and the second route chosen because of its greater proximity to the residential and business areas of central Rouen.

The bridge is near the interchange of the Autoroute de Normandie (A13), at its southern approach, via the RN338, A150 autoroute (from Barentin and Dieppe) and the slip road which connects the A29 and A28.

This link was intended to help the western districts of Rouen while providing the necessary connections to the industrial and commercial areas, and the Port of Rouen. Near its base at the right bank is an old port area undergoing redevelopment. The Maritime, Fluvial and Harbour Museum of Rouen is in this area. The left bank is a brownfield site that will probably be sold for redevelopment.

Structure

File:Pont Gustave Flauber Ambiance d'Armada.jpg

Front view, during the 2008 Rouen Armada

Several types of structure were considered. The essential requirement was to construct a Seine river crossing which allowed large vessels access to the Port of Rouen, upstream.

• Fixed bridge, sea gauge: it would have been necessary for this type of structure to provide a clearance height of 55 metres (180 ft) at the highest tide. But it would have been difficult to provide the approach roads, especially if their gradients were to be kept reasonably low, and it would not have been possible to provide interchanges near the bridge itself. However, this solution was used for the Cheviré Bridge that crosses the River Loire between at Nantes.
• Tunnel: this solution is expensive – both in construction and operation – and poses safety problems for the transportation of hazardous materials. Moreover, it is difficult to provide interchanges close to the river. This solution was used for the tunnel in the Old Port of Marseille.
• Fixed bridge, river gauge: this solution limits the clearance height to 7 metres (23 ft), which obviously prevents access for larger ships, both cargo and cruise ships which enter the heart of the city, and for ships entering the Rouen Armada. a pentennial festival of tall ships.

These various unsatisfactory solutions led the client to consider the fact that large ships only needed access beyond the bridge 20 to 30 times a year, so that three kinds of moveable bridge were considered:

• bascule bridge: A difficulty here was of piling the supporting pillars in the Seine riverbed so as to avoid very large spans. This solution was chosen for the Seyne-sur-Mer lift bridge and Tower Bridge in London.
• swing bridge, which has the disadvantage of requiring both sides of the approach to be at the same level, and requires a great deal of reinforcement. This solution was used on the Caronte Bridge.
• lift bridge. This solution requires the construction of high-rise towers on both sides. This is the type of structure implemented in Brest for the Pont de Recouvrance.

All these potential solutions have their advantages and disadvantages. In particular, moveable bridges totally cut the traffic flow when they are open to river traffic. However, in the end, a lift bridge was chosen.

Features

The bridge is a lift bridge with a bridge span of 120 m (390 ft) and a total height of 86 m (282 ft). It is the third tallest building in Roen, after Rouen Cathedral and the ancient Rouen Castle. The air draft (clearance) is 7 m (23 ft) when the deck is down, which still allows the passage of barges and smaller craft. It is 55 m (180 ft) above the Seine when raised. It is thus the tallest lift bridge in the world.. The total length, including the approach viaducts, is 670 m (2,200 ft).

File:6eme pont papillons.jpg

The bridge "butterflies" at the top of the stanchions

The dual decks, each of which is 120 m (390 ft) long and weighs 1,300 tonnes (1,300 long tons; 1,400 short tons), is supported by four pylons (arranged in pairs) piled into the Seine riverbed. It takes twelve minutes fully to raise or lower the lift section.

Operation

The lift section is expected to open around 30 times a year, in particular for the Rouen Armarda and for cruise ships who dock in the city centre (near the William the Conqueror Bridge).

Traffic is projected at 50,000 vehicles a day, relieving central Rouen of around a quarter of the 190,000 trucks that cross the river each day.

Criticism

However, this bridge is already giving rise to a controversy about its usefulness, some believe that the bridge will rise to the occasion of the Armada is about twenty times every four years, the owners did not want their boats take the risk of being retained on the other side of the bridge in case of failure. A new Pleasure Terminal has also already been built downstream.

See also

• List of crossings of the River Seine

External links

Media related to at Wikimedia Commons