Pope Symmachus

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Pope Saint
Symmachus
Simmaco - mosaico Santa Agnese fuori le mura.jpg
Papacy began 22 November 498
Papacy ended 19 July 514
Predecessor Anastasius II
Successor Hormisdas
Personal details
Birth name Symmachus
Born Unknown date
Sardinia, Vandal Kingdom
Died 19 July 514(514-07-19)
Rome, Ostrogothic Kingdom
Sainthood
Feast day 19 July
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic Churches, Oriental Orthodox Church
Papal styles of
Pope Symmachus
Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg
Reference style His Holiness
Spoken style Your Holiness
Religious style Holy Father
Posthumous style Saint

Pope Symmachus (died 19 July 514) was Pope from 22 November 498 to his death in 514.[1] His tenure was marked by a serious schism over who was legitimately elected pope by the citizens of Rome.[1]

Early life

He was born on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia (then under Vandal rule), the son of Fortunatus; Jeffrey Richards notes that he was born a pagan, and "perhaps the rankest outsider" of all the Ostrogothic Popes, most of whom were members of aristocratic families.[2] Symmachus was baptized in Rome, where he became archdeacon of the Church under Pope Anastasius II.

Papacy

Symmachus was elected pope on 22 November 498 in the Constantinian basilica. The archpriest of Santa Prassede, Laurentius, was elected pope that same day at the church of St. Mary's by a dissenting minority faction with Byzantine sympathies, who were supported by Emperor Anastasius. Both factions agreed to allow the Gothic King Theodoric the Great to arbitrate. He ruled that the one who was elected first and whose supporters were the most numerous should be recognized as pope. An investigation found the facts favored Symmachus and his election was recognized as proper.[3] However, an early document known as the "Laurentian Fragment" claims that Symmachus obtained the decision by paying bribes,[4] while deacon Magnus Felix Ennodius of Milan later wrote that 400 solidi were distributed amongst influential personages, whom it would be indiscreet to name.[5]

Symmachus proceeded to call a synod, to be held at Rome on 1 March 499, which was attended by 72 bishops and all of the Roman clergy. Laurentius attended this synod. Afterwards he was assigned the diocesis of Nuceria in Campania. According to the account in the Liber Pontificalis, Symmachus bestowed the See on Laurentius "guided by sympathy", but the "Laurentian Fragment" states that Laurentius "was severely threatened and cajoled, and forcibly despatched" to Nuceria.[6] The synod also ordained that any cleric who sought to gain votes for a successor to the papacy during the lifetime of the pope, or who called conferences and held consultations for that purpose, should be deposed.

In 501, the senator Rufius Postumius Festus, a supporter of Laurentius, accused Symmachus of various crimes. The initial charge was that Symmachus celebrated Easter on the wrong date. The king Theodoric summoned him to Ariminum to respond to the charge. The pope arrived only to discover a number of other charges, including unchastity and the misuse of church property, would also be brought against him.[7] Symmachus panicked, fleeing from Ariminum in the middle of the night with only one companion. His flight proved to be a miscalculation, as it was regarded as an admission of guilt. Laurentius was brought back to Rome by his supporters, and a sizeable group of the clergy, including most of the most senior clerics, withdrew from communion with him. A visiting bishop, Peter of Altinum, was appointed by Theodoric to celebrate Easter 502 and assume the administration of the See, pending the decision of a synod to be convened following Easter.[8]

Synod

Presided over by the other Italian metropolitans, Peter II of Ravenna, Laurentius of Milan, and Marcellianus of Aquileia, the synod opened in the Basilica of Santa Maria. It proved tumultuous. The session quickly deadlocked over the presence of a visiting bishop, for as Symmachus argued, the presence of a visiting bishop implied the See was vacant, and the See could only be vacant if he were guilty—which meant the case had already been decided before the evidence could be heard. Although the majority of the assembled bishops agreed with this, the visitor could not be withdrawn without Theodoric's consent; this was not forthcoming. In response to this deadlock, rioting by the citizens of Rome increased, causing a number of bishops to flee Rome and the rest to petition Theodoric to move the synod to Ravenna. King Theodoric refused their request, ordering them to reconvene the synod on 1 September. Upon reconvening, matters were no less acrimonious. First the accusers introduced a document which included a clause stating that the king already knew Symmachus was guilty, and thus the synod should assume guilt, hear the evidence, then pass sentence. More momentous was an attack by a mob on Pope Symmachus' party as he set out to arrive at the synod: many of his supporters were injured and several—including the priests Gordianus and Dignissimus—killed. Symmachus retreated to St. Peter's and refused to come out, despite the urgings of deputations from the synod.[9]

At this point, the synod petitioned king Theodoric once again, asking permission to dissolve the meeting and return home. Theodoric replied, in a letter dated 1 October, that they must see the matter to a conclusion. So the bishops assembled once again on 23 October 502 at a place known as Palma, and after reviewing the events of the previous two sessions decided that since the pope was the successor of Saint Peter, they could not pass judgment on him, and left the matter to God to decide. All who had abandoned communion with him were urged to reconcile with him, and that any clergy who celebrated mass in Rome without his consent in the future should be punished as a schismatic. The resolutions were signed by 76 bishops, led by Laurentius of Milan and Peter of Ravenna.[10]

Despite the outcome of the synod, Laurentius returned to Rome, and for the next four years, according to the "Laurentian Fragment", he held its churches and ruled as pope with the support of the senator Festus.[11] The struggle between the two factions was carried out on two fronts. One was through mob violence committed by supporters of each religious camp, and it is vividly described in the Liber Pontificalis.[12] The other was through diplomacy, which produced a sheaf of forged documents, the so-called "Symmachean forgeries", of judgments in ecclesiastical law to support Symmachus' claim that as pope he could not be called to account.[13] A more productive achievement on the diplomatic front was to convince king Theodoric to intervene, conducted chiefly by two non-Roman supporters, the Milanese deacon Ennodius and the exiled deacon Dioscorus. At last Theodoric withdrew his support of Laurentius in 506, instructing Festus to hand over the Roman churches to Symmachus.[14]

In 513, Caesarius, bishop of Arles, visited Symmachus while being detained in Italy. This meeting led to Caesarius' receiving a pallium. Based on this introduction, Caesarius later wrote to Symmachus for help with establishing his authority, which Symmachus eagerly gave, according to William Klingshirn, "to gather outside support for his primacy."[15]

Pope Symmachus provided money and clothing to the Catholic bishops of Africa and Sardinia who had been exiled by the rulers of the Arian Vandals. He also ransomed prisoners from upper Italy, and gave them gifts of aid.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wikisource-logo.svg Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Richards notes that of the 17 Popes between 483 and 604, seven were certainly or likely members of Roman aristocratic families, and three more had provincial aristocratic origins. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), p. 243.
  3. ↑ The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis), translated with introduction by Raymond Davies (Liverpool: University Press, 1989), pp. 43f
  4. ↑ Davies (trans.), Book of Pontiffs, p. 97
  5. ↑ Richards, Popes and the papacy, pp. 70f
  6. ↑ Davies (trans.), Book of Pontiffs, pp. 44, 97
  7. ↑ The "Laurentian Fragment" states that, while walking along the seashore, he saw the woman with whom he was accused of committing sin. Davies (trans.), Book of Pontiffs, p. 98
  8. ↑ Richards, Popes and the papacy, p. 71
  9. ↑ Richards, Popes and the papacy, p. 72
  10. ↑ Richards, Popes and the papacy, p. 73
  11. ↑ Davies (trans.), Book of Pontiffs, p. 98
  12. ↑ Richards, Popes and the papacy, p. 75
  13. ↑ Richards, Popes and the papacy, pp. 81f
  14. ↑ Richards, Popes and the papacy, p. 76
  15. ↑ Klingshirn, Casesarius of Arles: Life, Testament, Letters (Liverpool: University Press, 1994), pp. 30, 86f. Several letters between the two survive, which Klingshirn has translated, pp. 88–94.
  16. ↑ Davies (trans.), Book of Pontiffs, p. 46

External links

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Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Pope
498–514		 Succeeded by
Hormisdas


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