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A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface. Violent explosive eruptions from such vents often produce craters or calderas and coat extensive areas in volcanic ash, while the lava from comparatively gentle effusive eruptions may eventually form large plains, cones or mountains. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are pulled apart or come together. A mid-oceanic ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, hosts volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire contains many volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are not commonly created at transform boundaries, where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can be caused by mantle plumes. The resulting hotspots, for example at Hawaii, can occur far from plate boundaries. Hotspot volcanoes are also found elsewhere in the solar system, especially on rocky planets and moons. Intraplate volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust, as in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America and the European Rhine Graben with its Eifel volcanoes. More about volcanoes... The Mount Cayley volcanic field is a remote volcanic zone on the South Coast of British Columbia, Canada, stretching 31 km (19 mi) from the Pemberton Icefield to the Squamish River. It forms a segment of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, the Canadian portion of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, which extends from Northern California to southwestern British Columbia. Most of the Cayley volcanoes were formed during periods of volcanism under sheets of glacial ice throughout the last glacial period. These subglacial eruptions formed steep, flat-topped volcanoes and subglacial lava domes, most of which have been entirely exposed by deglaciation. However, at least two volcanoes predate the last glacial period and both are highly eroded. The field gets its name from Mount Cayley, the largest and most persistent volcano, located at the southern end of the Powder Mountain Icefield. This icefield covers much of the central portion of the volcanic field and is one of the several glacial fields in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains. Sir William Hamilton Sir William Hamilton, KB, PC (13 December 1730 – 6 April 1803) was a Scottish diplomat, antiquarian, archaeologist and vulcanologist. Hamilton was the fourth son of Lord Archibald Hamilton, governor of Jamaica. He was commissioned into the 3rd Foot Guards in 1747 and was promoted Lieutenant in 1753. Hamilton was Britain's ambassador to the court of Naples from 1764 - 1800. During this time he studied local volcanic activity and earthquakes, and wrote a book on the ancient Roman city of Pompeii. He collected Greek vases and other antiquities, selling part of his collection to the British Museum in 1772. A small part of his second collection went down with HMS Colossus while being transported to Britain in 1798. The surviving part of the second collection was catalogued for sale at auction at Christie's when at the eleventh hour Thomas Hope stepped in and purchased the remains of Hamilton's second collection of mostly South Italian vases. Colour image of Io's trailing hemisphere, highlighting the large red ring around the volcano Pele on Io ... that the Ionian volcano Pele, encircled by its own reddish plume deposit (pictured), was named after a volcano goddess in Hawaiian mythology? ... that some of the thrust horses in Montana's Adel Mountains Volcanic Field fold some of the intrusions, while others are cut by them? ... that although no eruptions from the Segula Volcano have been recorded, there are lava flows on it which may only be a few hundred years old? ... that although in theory a common mineral below the earth's surface, coyoteite has been found at the surface only in one volcanic pipe? ... that the underwater volcanoes of the Vance Seamounts are pocketed by multiple calderas, many of which have been almost erased by newer flows? ... that the eight volcanoes of the President Jackson Seamounts are heavily pocketed by 29 calderas and pit craters? ... that the Ionian volcano Tupan Patera, whose activity was first detected by Galileo in 1996, was named after the thunder god of the Tupí-Guaraní indigenous peoples in Brazil? ... that the Ionian volcano Tawhaki Patera and the nearby valley Tawhaki Vallis are both named after the Māori lightning deity, Tāwhaki? Core topics: Volcano  • Volcanology  • Igneous petrology  • Lava  • Magma  • Decade Volcanoes  • List of volcanoes  • Plate tectonics  • Hotspot Types of volcanoes: Fissure vent  • Shield volcano  • Lava dome  • Cinder cone  • Stratovolcano  • Supervolcano  • Submarine volcano  • Subglacial volcano  • Mud volcano Types of eruptions: (Overview)  • Strombolian  • Vulcanian  • Peléan  • Hawaiian  • Surtseyan  • Plinian  • Submarine  • Subglacial  • Phreatic Template:/box-footer Portal:Seamounts Earth sciences Seamounts Geography Atmospheric sciences Eyjafjallajökull is one of the smaller glaciers of Iceland. It is situated to the north of Skógar and to the west of the bigger glacier Mýrdalsjökull. The ice cap of the glacier covers a volcano which has erupted rather frequently since the Ice Age. The volcano's disruptive 2010 eruption was the first since 1823. "Do we need to bring a sleeping bag, or will the volcano keep us warm at night?" — Documentary producer at Mount Etna, 2000. {{Wikipedia:WikiProject Volcanoes/Collaboration}} The project collaboration is a drive to improve our coverage of an important volcano-related topic. Once the article has been improved significantly, a new collaboration is chosen. Please improve the article any way you can. Template:/box-footer WikiProject Volcanoes WikiProject Seamounts WikiProject Mountains ▼ Volcanoes ► Lists of volcanoes ► Volcanoes by continent ► Volcanoes by country ► Atolls ► Complex volcanoes ► Decade Volcanoes ► Diatremes ► Hotspot volcanoes ► Volcanic islands ► Lava domes ► Pyroclastic shields ► Ridge volcanoes ► Rift volcanoes ► Shield volcanoes ► Stratovolcanoes ► Subduction volcanoes ► Subglacial volcanoes ► Submarine volcanoes ► Supervolcanoes ► Volcanic belts ► Volcanic calderas ► Volcanic cones ► Volcanic craters ► Volcanic fields ► Volcanic Seven Summits ▼ Volcanology ► Hydrothermal vents ► Volcanic belts ► Volcanic eruption types ► Volcanic events ► Volcanic rocks ► Volcanoes {{Wikipedia:WikiProject Volcanoes/Open tasks}} Template:/box-footer Featured articles: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens  • 2007–2008 Nazko earthquakes  • Amchitka  • Armero tragedy  • Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve  • Cerro Azul (Chile volcano)  • David A. Johnston  • Enceladus (moon)  • Geology of the Lassen volcanic area  • Io (moon)  • Loihi Seamount  • Mauna Kea  • Mauna Loa  • Metacomet Ridge  • Mono-Inyo Craters  • Mount Cayley volcanic field  • Mount St. Helens  • Mount Tambora  • Nevado del Ruiz  • Surtsey  • The Volcano (British Columbia)  • Triton (moon)  • Upper and Lower Table Rock  • Volcanism on Io  • Volcano (South Park)  • Yellowstone National Park Featured lists: List of volcanoes in Indonesia  • List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain  • List of largest volcanic eruptions Featured pictures: There are currently {{Wikipedia:WikiProject Volcanoes/Content|FP}} volcano-related Featured pictures. A full gallery can be seen here. Good articles: Abyssal plain  • Amak Volcano  • Anahim hotspot  • Axial Seamount  • Ben Nevis  • Bowie Seamount  • Crater Lake  • Davidson Seamount  • Ferdinandea  • Gareloi Volcano  • Geyser  • Glacier Peak  • Hawaii hotspot  • Hualālai  • Kohala (mountain)  • Lake Toba  • Minoan eruption  • Mount Adams (Washington)  • Mount Bailey  • Mount Baker  • Mount Cleveland (Alaska)  • Mount Edziza volcanic complex  • Mount Garibaldi  • Mount Hood  • Mount Kenya  • Mount Rainier  • Mount Redoubt  • Mount Tehama  • Mount Thielsen  • Mount Vesuvius  • Peter I Island  • Roxy Ann Peak  • Rùm  • Sakurajima  • Sangay  • Silverthrone Caldera  • Staffa  • Types of volcanic eruptions  • Volcanic ash  • Weh Island  • Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field  • Yamsay Mountain Valued pictures: A gallery of volcano-related valued pictures can be seen here. Template:/box-footer The following Wikimedia sister projects provide more on this subject: What are portals? List of portals Featured portals