Punics

This article is about the Punic people. For the Punic language, see Punic language. For the civilisation, see Ancient Carthage.

Punic praying statuette, c.3rd century B.C.

The Punics (from Latin pūnicus, pl. pūnici) are usually known as Carthaginians, and were a people from Ancient Carthage in modern-day Tunisia, North Africa, who traced their origins to the Phoenicians. Punic is the English adjective derived from the Latin adjective punicus to describe anything Carthaginian.

The Punics are also known as Carthaginians because of their capital Carthage, a Phoenician city on the coast of North Africa. The Carthaginians were not related to the Berbers that lived in that region. After the fall of Phoenicia proper, their homeland in Lebanon, the Carthaginians were on their own. DNA tests show that the Phoenicians were most closely related to the Greeks and Romans. Berbers were only hired as mercenaries when Carthage went into war.

Unlike their Phoenician ancestors, Carthaginians had a landowning aristocracy who established a rule of the hinterland in Northern Africa and trans-Saharan trade routes. In later times one of these clans established a Hellenistic-inspired empire in Iberia, possibly having a foothold in western Gaul. Like other Phoenician people, their urbanized culture and economy were strongly linked to the sea. Overseas they established control over some coastal regions of Berber North Africa like modern-day Tunisia and Libya, of Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, the Balearic Islands, Malta, other small islands of the western Mediterranean and possibly along the Atlantic coast of Iberia. In the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily they had strong economic and political ties to the independent natives in the hinterland. Their naval presence and trade extended throughout the Mediterranean and beyond to the British Isles, the Canaries, and West Africa. Technical achievements of the Punic people of Carthage include the development of uncolored glass and the use of lacustrine limestone to improve the purity of molten iron.

Most of the Punic culture was destroyed as a result of the Punic Wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BC, while traces of language, religion and technology could still be found in Africa during the early Christianisation, 325 to 650 AD. After the Punic Wars, Romans used the term Punic as an adjective meaning treacherous.

In archaeological and linguistic usage Punic refers to a Hellenistic and later-era culture and dialect from Carthage that had developed into a distinct form from the Phoenician of the mother city of Tyre. Phoenicians also settled in Northwest Africa (the Maghreb) and other areas under Carthaginian rule and their culture and political organisation were a distinct form. Remains of the Punic culture can be found in settlements from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to Cyprus in the East.

814 BC to 146 BC

The Punic religion was based on that of their Phoenician forefathers, who worshiped Baal-hamon and Melqart, but merged Phoenician ideas with Numidian and some Greek and Egyptian deities, such as Apollo, Tanit and Dionysus, with Baal-hamon being clearly the most important Punic god. Punic culture became a melting pot, since Carthage was a big trading port, but the Carthaginians retained some of their old cultural identities and practices, such as child sacrifice. This was not outside of regional norms, as many cultures of the time made human sacrifices, including the Greeks, Celts, and Romans.

The Carthaginians carried out significant sea explorations around Africa and elsewhere from their base in Carthage. In the fifth century BC Hanno the Navigator played a significant role in exploring coastal areas of present-day Morocco and other parts of the African coast, specifically noting details of indigenous peoples such as at Mogador. Carthaginians pushed westerly into the Atlantic and established important settlements in Lixus, Volubilis, Chellah and Mogador, among other locations.

Greek-Punic and Roman-Punic Wars

Being trade rivals with Magna Graecia, the Carthaginians had several clashes with the Greeks over the island of Sicily in the Greek-Punic Wars from 600-265 BC. They eventually fought Rome in the Roman-Punic Wars, between 265-146 BC, but lost due to being outnumbered, lack of full governmental involvement and reliance on their navy. This enabled a Roman settlement of Africa and eventual domination of the Mediterranean Sea. Cato the Elder famously ended all his speeches, regardless of subject, with the imperative that Carthage be utterly crushed, a view summarised in Latin by the phrase Praeterea censeo Carthaginem esse delendam meaning, "Moreover, I declare, Carthage must be destroyed!". They were eventually incorporated into the Roman Republic in 146 BC with the destruction of Carthage but Cato never got to see his victory, having died in 149 BC.

146 BC to 700 AD

The destruction of Carthage was not the end of the Carthaginians. After the wars, the city of Carthage was completely razed and the land around it was turned into farmland for Roman citizens. There were, however, other Punic cities in North Africa, and Carthage itself was rebuilt and regained some importance, if a shadow of its ancient influence. Although the area was partially romanized and the some of the population adopted the Roman religion (while fusing it with aspects of their beliefs and customs), the language and the ethnicity persisted for some time. People of Punic origin prospered again as traders, merchants and even politicians of the Roman Empire. Septimius Severus, emperor of Rome and a proud Punic, was said to speak Latin with a Punic accent. Under his reign Carthaginians rose to the elites and their deities entered their imperial cult. Carthage was rebuilt about 46 BC by Julius Caesar. Places in the area were granted for settlement as benefits to soldiers that had served in Roman armies. Carthage again prospered and even became the number two trading city in the Roman Empire, until Constantinople took over that position. As Christianity spread in the Roman Empire, it was especially successful in Northern Africa, Carthage becoming a Christian city even before Christianity was legal. Saint Augustine, born in Thagaste (modern-day Algeria) considered himself Punic, and left some important reflections on Punic cultural history. One of his more well known passages reads: "It is an excellent thing that the Punic Christians call Baptism itself nothing else but salvation, and the Sacrament of Christ's Body nothing else but life."

The last remains of a distinct Punic culture probably disappeared somewhere in the chaos during the Fall of Rome. The demographic and cultural characteristics of the region were thoroughly transformed by turbulent events such as the Vandals' wars with Byzantines, the forced population movements that followed and the Arab conquest in the 7th century.

Noted Carthaginians

• Septimius Severus (Roman emperor from Punic ethnicity from the mainly Punic Libyan city of Lepcis Magna, founded by Phoenicians)
• Caracalla, his son
• Tertullian, an early Christian theologian (born in the highly multiethnic, Phoenician-founded city of Carthage)
• Vibia Perpetua (early Christian martyr, also born in Carthage)
• Hannibal, Carthaginian general
• Saint Monica, mother of Augustine of Hippo
• St Augustine

See also

• Phoenician languages
• Carthage
• History of Tunisia
• Poenulus ("The Puny Punic"), a comedy by Plautus, shows the vision the Romans had of Carthaginians. A number of lines are in the Punic language.
• Punica, the genus of pomegranates, known to Romans as mala punica ("the Punic apple").

References

• B. H. Warmington, Carthage (2d ed. 1969)
• T. A. Dorey and D. R. Dudley, Rome against Carthage (1971)
• N. Davis, Carthage and Her Remains (1985).