RLV-TD

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RLV-TD
File:RLV-TD.jpg
RLV-TD on launch pad
Function Reusable launch vehicle technology demonstrator
Manufacturer Indian Space Research Organisation
Country of origin India
Launch history
Status Under development
Launch sites Satish Dhawan Space Centre
Total launches 1
Successes 1
Failures 0
First flight 23 May 2016

RLV-TD is India’s first unmanned, two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) reusable launch vehicle. Developed in India by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the prototype space shuttle is winged and is a scaled down version of a reusable launch vehicle.

The RLV-TD successfully completed its first test flight on 23 May 2016. It lasted for 770 seconds, reached a maximum altitude of 65 kilometres (40 mi) The RLV-TD was designed to act as a flying testbed to evaluate various technologies, and development of the final version is expected to take 10 to 15 years.[1] When fully developed, the RLV-TD is expected to take off vertically like a rocket, deploy a satellite in orbit, return to Earth and land on a runway.[2]

Development & history

RLV-TD has been developed by ISRO under the RLV Technology Demonstration Programme. The Technology Demonstration Programme consists of development of hypersonic rocket with air-breathing engines and the reusable launch vehicle.[3][2]

Rocket

In January 2006, ISRO completed the the design, development and tests of Scramjet (supersonic air-breathing engine) at its Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in Thiruvananthapuram. During the ground tests, stable supersonic combustion with an inlet Mach number of 6 was demonstrated for 7 seconds.

On 3 March 2010, ISRO successfully conducted the flight test of its new sounding rocket ATV-D01 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. ATV-D01 weighed 3 tonnes at lift-off and was the heaviest sounding rocket ever developed by ISRO at the time. It was mounted with a passive Scramjet engine. The rocket flew for 7 seconds, achieved Mach number of 6 + 0.5 and dynamic pressure 80 + 35 kPa.[4]

Reusable launch vehicle

In January 2012, the design of ISRO's reusable launch vehicle was approved by the "National Review Committee" and clearance was granted to build the vehicle. The vehicle was named "Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator" (RLV-TD).[5] ISRO aims to bring down the cost of payload delivery to low Earth orbit by 80% from existing $20,000 per kilogram ($9,100/lb).[6][7][8]

The RLV-TD was developed with an objective to test various aspects such as hypersonic flight, autoland, powered cruise flight, hypersonic flight using the air-breathing engine propulsion and "Hypersonic Experiment". Series of five RLV-TD test flights are planned by ISRO.[5][9][10]

  • HEX (Hypersonic Flight Experiment): Completed on 23 May 2016.
  • LEX (Landing Experiment): TBA
  • REX (Return Flight Experiment): TBA
  • SPEX (Scramjet Propulsion Experiment): TBA
  • HEX1 (Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator Hypersonic Experiment): TBA

A team of 750 engineers at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, National Aeronautic Laboratory, IITs and Indian Institute of Science worked on the design and development of RLV-TD and the associated rocket. RLV-TD underwent 120 hours of wind tunnel, 5,000 hours of computational fluid dynamics and 1,100 runs of flight simulation tests. RLV-TD has mass of 1.75 tonnes, wingspan of 3.6 meters and overall length of 6.5 meters (excluding the rocket). The vehicle had 600 heat-resistant tiles on its undercarriage and it features delta wings and angled tail fins.[2][11] Total cost of the project was ₹95 crore (equivalent to ₹116 crore or US$17.2 million in 2020).[12][13]

Hypersonic Flight Experiment

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Main article: Hypersonic Flight Experiment

The Hypersonic Flight Experiment (HEX), first of the five test flights was conducted on 23 May 2016. The Sub-orbital test flight was launched at 07:00 IST (01:30 GMT) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota (80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Chennai). The test flight lasted for 770 seconds, reached maximum altitude of 65 kilometres (40 mi) and covered a distance of 450 kilometres (280 mi) Sriharikota, steered itself to an on-target splashdown to land (ditch) at a designated spot in the Bay of Bengal. Not designed to float, the vehicle disintegrated on impact with water and was not recovered.[3]

RLV-TD was mounted on top of and launched aboard a single stage solid fuel booster (HS9 booster) that was derived from strap-on boosters flown on India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. By the time, the booster consumed its solid propellant in 91 seconds, the RLV-TD separated from its boost stage and peaked to a sub-orbital altitude of about 65 kilometres (40 mi). The heat shield, guidance, navigation and control algorithms were tested at hypersonic speed by accurately steering the vehicle during the descent stage. For the descent back, the test vehicle was programmed to pitch its nose up, exposing silica tiles on its underside and reinforced carbon–carbon nose cap to the airflow into the thick lower layers of the atmosphere. The RLV-TD endured high temperatures of descent through the atmosphere due to its thermal protection system.

All stages of the test flight were tracked by ground station at the launch site and a shipborne terminal. All the mission objectives were met and technologies like autonomous navigation, guidance and control, reusable thermal protection system and descent mission management were successfully validated.[3][2]

See also

References

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External links

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