Wakatsuki Reijirō

Wakatsuki Reijirō
若槻 礼次郎
25th Prime Minister of Japan
In office 14 April 1931 – 13 December 1931
Monarch	Shōwa
Preceded by	Hamaguchi Osachi
Succeeded by	Inukai Tsuyoshi
In office 28 January 1926 – 20 April 1927 Acting until 30 January 1926
Monarch	Taishō Hirohito (Regent)/Shōwa
Preceded by	Katō Takaaki
Succeeded by	Tanaka Giichi
Personal details
Born	(1866-03-21)21 March 1866 Matsue, Izumo Province, Japan
Died	Tokyo, Japan
Resting place	Somei Cemetery, Tokyo
Political party	Rikken Minseitō (1927–1949)
Other political affiliations	Rikken Dōshikai (until 1916) Kenseikai (1916–1927)
Alma mater	Tokyo Imperial University
Signature

In this Japanese name, the family name is Wakatsuki.

Baron Wakatsuki Reijirō (若槻 禮次郎, 21 March 1866 – 20 November 1949) was a Japanese politician and the 25th and 28th Prime Minister of Japan. Opposition politicians of the time derogatorily labeled him Usotsuki Reijirō, or "Reijirō the Liar".

Early life

Wakatsuki was born in Matsue, Izumo Province, (present day Shimane Prefecture). His father, a samurai who served the local Matsudaira daimyō had the family name of Okamura. Wakatsuki was adopted after marriage into the family of his wife, since that family had no male heir, and only assumed the Wakatsuki name at that time. He enrolled in the Tokyo Imperial University in 1892 and studied law.

Political career

After graduation, Wakatsuki worked in the Ministry of Finance as tax bureau director and later as vice-minister. In 1911 he was appointed to the House of Peers. He then served as Minister of Finance under the 3rd Katsura administration and 2nd Ōkuma administration in the early 1910s and became a leading member of the Rikken Dōshikai political party, and its successor the Kenseikai, in 1914.

In June 1924, Wakatsuki was named Home Minister in the cabinet of Prime Minister Katō Takaaki, and worked to enact the Universal Manhood Suffrage Law and the Peace Preservation Law in 1925.

As Prime Minister

On 30 January 1926, on Katō's unexpected death in office, Wakatsuki took over as Prime Minister of Japan. His first term lasted to 20 April 1927 when he was forced to resign during the Shōwa financial crisis.

Wakatsuki was awarded the Order of the Paulownia Flowers on November 10, 1928. After serving as chief delegate plenipotentiary to the London Naval Conference, Wakatsuki pushed strongly for speedy ratification of the disarmament treaty, thus earning the wrath of the Japanese military and various ultranationalist groups.

After Prime Minister Hamaguchi was forced out of office by the severe injuries incurred in an assassination attempt, Wakatsuki assumed the leadership of the Rikken Minseitō, the successor to the Kenseikai. He was elevated to the rank of baron (danshaku) in the kazoku peerage system in April 1931. Wakatsuki once again became Prime Minister from 14 April 1931 to 13 December 1931. During Wakatsuki’s second term, he failed to control the Imperial Japanese Army. He was unable either to prevent the Manchurian Incident from occurring, or to rein in the Army from further escalation of hostilities in China afterwards.

Later life

After his retirement as Prime Minister, Wakatsuki became president of the Rikken Minseitō in July 1934. Despite the growing militarism in society, he continued to strongly opposed the Second Sino-Japanese War and was adamantly opposed to extending the war to include the United States and other western powers. Even after the declaration of hostilities in World War II, he publicly stated the war should end as quickly as possible. In May 1945, on hearing of the collapse of Nazi Germany, he emerged from retirement to urge Prime Minister Kantarō Suzuki to open negotiations with the United States as soon as possible. In August, he participated in the government panel recommending unconditional acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration.

After the surrender of Japan, Wakatsuki was subpeonaed by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers in June 1946 as a prosecution witness at The International Military Tribunal for the Far East. Wakatsuki died of Angina pectoris at his summer home in Itō, Shizuoka on November 20, 1949. His grave is at the Somei Cemetery in downtown Tokyo.

Honours

From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

• Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (10 November 1928)
• Baron (11 April 1931)

See also

• History of Japan

References

• Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
• Brendon, Piers. The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s. Vintage; Reprint edition (2002). ISBN 0-375-70808-1
• Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
• Toland, John. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945. Modern Library; Reprint edition (2003). ISBN 0-8129-6858-1

Notes

Political offices
Preceded by Katō Takaaki	Prime Minister of Japan 30 Jan 1926 - 20 Apr 1927	Succeeded by Tanaka Giichi
Preceded by Hamaguchi Osachi	Prime Minister of Japan (acting) 28 Jan 1931 - 30 Jan 1931	Succeeded by Inukai Tsuyoshi
Preceded by Mizuno Rentarō	Home Minister 11 Jun 1924 - 3 Jun 1926	Succeeded by Hamaguchi Osachi
Preceded by Yamamoto Tatsuo	Ministry of Finance 21 Dec 1912‐ 20 Feb 1913	Succeeded by Takahashi Korekiyo
Preceded by Takahashi Korekiyo	Ministry of Finance 16 Apr 1914‐ 10 Aug 1915	Succeeded by Taketomi Tomitoshi
Preceded by Shūjirō Hara	Minister of Colonial Affairs (acting) 10 Sept 1931 - 13 Dec 1931	Succeeded by Toyosuke Hata