Chymosin
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| Chymosin | |||||||||
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Crystal structure of bovine chymosin complex with the inhibitor CP-113972.[1]
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| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC number | 3.4.23.4 | ||||||||
| CAS number | Template:CAS | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / EGO | ||||||||
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Chymosin /ˈkaɪməsᵻn/ or rennin /ˈrɛnᵻn/ is a protease found in rennet. It is produced by newborn ruminant animals in the lining of the fourth stomach to curdle the milk they ingest, allowing a longer residence in the bowels and better absorption. It is widely used in the production of cheese. Bovine chymosin is now produced recombinantly in E. coli, Aspergillus niger var awamori, and K. lactis as alternative resource.
Contents
Occurrence
Chymosin is produced by ruminant animals in the lining of the abomasum. Chymosin is produced by gastric chief cells in young ruminants and some other newborn animals[2] to curdle the milk they ingest, allowing a longer residence in the bowels and better absorption. Chymosin is also produced by gastric chief cells in human infants. Some other non-ruminant species, including pigs, cats, and seals, produce it.[3]
Humans have a pseudogene for chymosin that does not generate a protein, found on chromosome 1.[3][4] Humans have other proteases to digest milk, such as pepsin and lipase.[5]:262
Enzymatic reaction
Chymosin is used to bring about the extensive precipitation and curd formation in cheese-making. The native substrate of chymosin is K-casein which is specifically cleaved at the peptide bond between amino acid residues 105 and 106, phenylalanine and methionine.[6] The resultant product is calcium phosphocaseinate.[citation needed] When the specific linkage between the hydrophobic (para-casein) and hydrophilic (acidic glycopeptide) groups of casein is broken, the hydrophobic groups unite and form a 3D network that traps the aqueous phase of the milk.
Charge interactions between histidines on the kappa-casein and glutamates and aspartates of chymosin initiate enzyme binding to the substrate.[6] When chymosin is not binding substrate, a beta-hairpin, sometimes referred to as "the flap," can hydrogen bond with the active site, therefore covering it and not allowing further binding of substrate.[1]
Examples
Listed below are the ruminant Cym gene and corresponding human pseudogene:
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Recombinant Chymosin
Because of the imperfections and scarcity of microbial and animal rennets, producers sought replacements. With the development of genetic engineering, it became possible to extract rennet-producing genes from animal stomach and insert them into certain bacteria, fungi or yeasts to make them produce chymosin during fermentation.[8][9] The genetically modified microorganism is killed after fermentation and chymosin isolated from the fermentation broth, so that the fermentation-produced chymosin (FPC) used by cheese producers does not contain any GM component or ingredient.[10] FPC contains the identical chymosin as the animal source, but produced in a more efficient way. FPC products have been on the market since 1990 and have been considered in the last 20 years the ideal milk-clotting enzyme.[11]
FPC was the first artificially produced enzyme to be registered and allowed by the US Food and Drug Administration. In 1999, about 60% of US hard cheese was made with FPC[12] and it has up to 80% of the global market share for rennet.[13]
By 2008, approximately 80% to 90% of commercially made cheeses in the US and Britain were made using FPC.[10] Today, the most widely used fermentation-produced chymosin is produced either by the fungus Aspergillus niger and commercialized under the trademark CHY-MAX®[14] by the Danish company Chr. Hansen, or produced by Kluyveromyces lactis and commercialized under the trademark MAXIREN®[15] by the Dutch company DSM.
FPC contains only chymosin B, achieving a high degree of purity compared with animal rennet. FPC can deliver several benefits to the cheese producer compared with animal or microbial rennet, such as higher production yield, better curd texture and reduced bitterness.[11]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 PDB: 1CZI; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Staff, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) Database. Last updated February 21, 1997 Chymosin pseudogene; CYMP prochymosin, included, in the OMIM
- ↑ Fox, P. F. Google books. Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology: Volume 1: General Aspects.
- ↑ Ian R. Sanderson M.D. and W. Allan Walker Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract pmph usa 1999. ISBN 155009081X
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ PDB: 4CMS; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://www.chr-hansen.com/products/product-areas/enzymes/our-product-offering.html
- ↑ http://www.dsm.com/le/en_US/foodspecialties/html/Products_Maxiren.htm
Further reading
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
