Campaigns against corporal punishment

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Campaigns against corporal punishment aim to reduce or eliminate corporal punishment of minors by instigating legal and cultural changes in the areas where such punishments are practiced. Such campaigns date mostly from the late 20th century, although occasional voices in opposition to corporal punishment existed from ancient times through to the modern era.

The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child defines "corporal punishment" as:

any punishment in which physical force is used and intended to cause some degree of pain or discomfort, however light. Most involves hitting ("smacking", "slapping", "spanking") children, with the hand or with an implement – whip, stick, belt, shoe, wooden spoon, etc. But it can also involve, for example, kicking, shaking or throwing children, scratching, pinching, biting, pulling hair or boxing ears, forcing children to stay in uncomfortable positions, burning, scalding or forced ingestion.[1]

History

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See also: Corporal punishment § History

Quintilian and Plutarch, both writing in the 1st century A.D., expressed the opinion that corporal punishment was demeaning to those who were not slaves, meaning the children of the freeborn.[2][3] In contrast, according to the classicist Otto Kiefer, Seneca remarked to his friend Lucilius, "Fear and love cannot live together. You seem to me to do right in refusing to be feared by your slaves and chastising them with words alone. Blows are used to correct brute beasts".[4]

However, according to Robert McCole Wilson, "it is only in the last two hundred years that there has been a growing body of opinion" opposed to corporal punishment.[5]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, one of the earliest organised campaigns was that of the Humanitarian League, with its regular magazine The Humanitarian, which campaigned for several years for the abolition of the chastisement of young seamen in the Royal Navy, a goal partially achieved in 1906 when naval birching was abandoned as a summary punishment.[6] However, it did not manage to get the Navy to abolish caning as a punishment, which continued at Naval training establishments until 1967.[7]

The Howard League for Penal Reform campaigned in the 1930s for, among many other things, the abolition of judicial corporal punishment by cat-o'-nine-tails or birching.[8] This was eventually achieved in the U.K. in 1948.[9]

The Society of Teachers Opposed to Physical Punishment (STOPP) was set up in the U.K. in 1968 to campaign for the abolition of corporal punishment in UK schools.[10]

STOPP was a very small pressure group that lobbied government, local authorities and other official institutions. It also investigated individual cases of corporal punishment and aided families wishing to pursue their cases through the UK and European courts.[11]

The UK Parliament abolished corporal punishment in state schools in 1986.[12] STOPP then wound itself up and ceased to exist, though some of the same individuals went on to form EPOCH to campaign to outlaw spanking, and spanking in the domestic setting.

A campaign by the name of Children Are Unbeatable! involves more than 350 separate groups, including the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Barnardo's, Save the Children, Action for Children (formerly NCH), and the National Children's Bureau.[13]

United States

An early U.S. activist against corporal punishment was Horace Mann, who in the 19th century unsuccessfully opposed its use in schools.[14]

Several organizations have been formed in the United States to advocate abolishing corporal punishment in homes and/or schools, including:

  • Parents and Teachers Against Violence in Education (PTAVE), based in California
  • The Center for Effective Discipline, now part of the Gundersen National Child Protection Training Center (NCPTC) of Winona (MN) State University
  • The U.S. Alliance to End the Hitting of Children[15]
  • People Opposed to Paddling Students (POPS), based in Texas[16]
  • Floridians Against Corporal Punishment in Public School, based in Florida[17]
  • The Alliance Against Corporal Punishment [18]
  • The National Youth Rights Association

Individuals who have directly advocated against corporal punishment include, but are not limited to:

  • Kirstie Alley (b. 1955) - Actress - has stated her opposition to corporal punishment on numerous occasions, most notably on the Howard Stern Show
  • Nadine Block - wrote the bill which banned corporal punishment from public schools in Ohio in 2009
  • Blake Hutchison (b. 1980) - writer of Nobody's Property, independent filmmaker and videographer from Ohio who has made several often-controversial children's rights and anti-spanking videos on his YouTube channel.[19] including one titled "Children's Rights Pyrotechnic Practice" where he sets fire to a copy of Michael Pearl's book To Train Up A Child.[20]
  • Horace Mann - campaigned to ban corporal punishment from schools during the 19th century
  • Marcus Lawrence Ward (1812-1884) - governor of New Jersey from 1866 to 1869, who signed into law the public and private school corporal punishment ban during his time in office, which is still in effect today.
  • Jordan Riak (1935-2016) - drafted the bill which banned corporal punishment from public schools in California in the 1980s

The following people in the media have stated either an opposition to corporal punishment and/or that they do not use corporal punishment with their child(ren):

Additionally, the following noted personalities, while not directly advocating against corporal punishment, have stated that they do not believe in it and/or that they do not use it with their child(ren):

Worldwide

An organisation called "Global Initiative To End All Corporal Punishment Of Children" was formed in 2001 to campaign for the worldwide prohibition by law of all corporal punishment of children, in homes, schools, penal institutions, and other settings. It seeks to monitor the legal situation in every country of the world.[21] The Global Initiative has received endorsement from UNICEF, UNESCO, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and the European Network of Ombudsmen for Children.[22]

In 2008, the UN Study on Violence against Children set a target date of 2009 for universal prohibition, including in the home,[23] an aim described by The Economist the same year as "wildly unrealistic".[24]

The Society for Prevention of Injuries & Corporal Punishment [SPIC] is an Indian organization advocating measures to stop corporal punishment in schools by making teachers and students aware of its dangers.[25]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Wilson, Robert M., 2.3
  6. ↑ Gibson, Ian. The English Vice, Duckworth, London, 1978, pp.171-176. ISBN 0-7156-1264-6
  7. ↑ Roxan, David. "Storm over canings for Navy boys", News of the World, London, 23 April 1967.
  8. ↑ Benson, G. Flogging: The Law and Practice in England, Howard League for Penal Reform, London, 1937. OCLC 5780230
  9. ↑ "Power to order flogging: Abolition approved in Committee", The Times, London, 12 December 1947.
  10. ↑ Jessel, Stephen. "The high cost of cutting out the cane". The Times, London, 28 September 1972.
  11. ↑ Hodges, Lucy. "Caned schoolgirl awarded £1,200". The Times, London, 27 February 1982.
  12. ↑ Gould, Mark. "Sparing the rod". The Guardian, London, 9 January 2007.
  13. ↑ Press Association (19 May 2004). "71% support parental smacking ban, survey finds", The Guardian, London.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MSw2bWV_mA&list=PL4CJvL3Cdsc5MvSMgXuEBHfO5qe9o0Umx
  20. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-P55W22vA0
  21. ↑ Global Initiative To End All Corporal Punishment Of Children.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ http://spic.forensicwayout.org/

Further reading

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