Saint Helena Airport

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Saint Helena Airport
First Comair Boeing 737-800 flight to Saint Helena Airport (191).jpg
IATA: HLE – ICAO: FHSH
Summary
Airport type Public
Owner Saint Helena Government
Operator Lanseria Airport
Location Longwood, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Elevation AMSL 1,017 ft / 310 m
Coordinates Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Map
St Helena Airport is located in South Atlantic
St Helena Airport
St Helena Airport
Location of St Helena Airport
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
02/20 1,950 6,398 Concrete
Sources: AIP St Helena,[1] St Helena Government[2]
Location of St Helena Airport
Cercle rouge 50%.svg
Location of St Helena Airport


Saint Helena Airport (IATA: HLE, ICAO: FHSH) is an international airport that has been under construction since early 2012 in the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, a remote island in the south Atlantic Ocean.

Scheduled air services from Johannesburg were scheduled to commence on 21 May 2016. However, on 26 April 2016 the St. Helena Government announced an indefinite delay to the opening because of concerns about wind shear.[3]

Rationale

Saint Helena is more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest major landmass, and can only be reached by sea. This takes five days from Cape Town, with departure once per three weeks, making Saint Helena one of the most remote populated places on earth, measured as travel time from major cities.

History

The first consideration of an airport on St Helena was made in 1943 by the South African Air Force, which undertook a survey on Prosperous Bay Plain from October 1943 until January 1944, but concluded that, while technically feasible, an airport was not a practical proposition.[4] From the 1960s, there was an idea[by whom?] to build an airport on the St Helena Island. In 1999, this was taken up by the island government.

After a long period of rumour and consultation, the British government in March 2005 announced plans to construct an airport in Saint Helena, that was expected to be completed by 2010. There were delays by the British government,[4] which went up to the Prime Minister Gordon Brown who insisted on personally reviewing the paperwork.[5] An approved bidder was appointed in 2008, the Italian company Impregilo. The project was suspended in November 2008, because of financial pressures brought on by the financial crisis of 2007–2010.

As construction had not commenced and no final contracts had been signed by January 2009, the Island Governor, Andrew Gurr , travelled to London in an attempt to speed up the process and solve the problems. On 22 July 2010 the British government agreed to assist in payment for the new airstrip.[6] On 3 November 2011 Governor Mark Andrew Capes announced construction contracts had been signed.[7]

The airport is expected to open in 2016 and RMS Saint Helena will be retired. The airport's advocates hope that it will bring growth to the island economy through tourism which, in the long term, is expected to lead to financial self-sustainability and an end to UK budgetary aid.[7]

The first aircraft, a Beechcraft King Air 200, landed on 15 September 2015 in order to perform calibration tests of the airport navigation systems.[8]

The first large passenger jet landed on 18 April 2016, a Boeing 737-800 operated by Comair for British Airways. It was an implementation flight to test the route, ground operations and handling, ahead of commencement of scheduled services.[9]

After the airport opens, the ship RMS Saint Helena, the only other transport that regularly serves the island, is due to be retired.[10][11]

Funding

Approximately £202 million was funded for design and construction by South African engineering group Basil Read (Pty) Ltd. The UK Government also granted additional funds of up to £10 million in shared-risk contingency, and £35.1 million for ten years of operation by South African airport operator Lanseria Airport. This is 20% less in real terms from the 2008 price, taking into account inflation and the value of the pound, the St Helena government has said. The airport will be the largest single investment ever made in the island.[7]

Location and dimensions

The airport is being built on Prosperous Bay Plain, on the east side of Saint Helena, entailing a concrete runway of 1,850 metres (6,070 ft)[2] with taxiway and apron, approximately 8 million cubic metres (280 million cu ft) rockfill embankment through which a 750-metre (2,460 ft) long reinforced concrete culvert will run, an airport terminal building of 3,500 square metres (38,000 sq ft) and support infrastructure, air traffic control and safety, bulk fuel installation for six million litres of diesel and aviation fuel, a 14-kilometre (9 mi) airport access road from Rupert's Bay to the airport, and all related logistics.[12]

Aviation

Aircraft compatibility

The airport will accommodate up to two[13] twinjet passenger aircraft up to the size of the Airbus A319, Boeing 737 and also the Boeing 757-200. Following the decision for a shorter runway of 1,550 metres, the planned use of Boeing 737-800 aircraft had been ruled out in the first instance. Instead the airport was to be designed to receive Boeing 737-700 aircraft.[14] However, on 17 July 2012 the St Helena Government and Basil Read agreed to a change to the runway design which includes widening the embankment over an additional 40 metres (130 ft) at the southern end, paving an additional 100 metres (330 ft) of the runway with concrete, providing larger turning circles at the runway ends, and increasing the size of the apron.[15] In contrast to the 2011 Reference Design for the airport it will now have a full 240-metre (790 ft) Runway End Safety Area (RESA) at the southern end of the runway instead of the planned Engineered Material Arresting System (EMAS). The intention is to add an EMAS designed for Boeing 737-800 later butting onto the southern end of the paved runway to increase the declarable Landing Distance Available (LDA) to 1,650 metres (5,410 ft),[16] which will then allow receiving larger aircraft such as the Boeing 737-800 and Airbus A320.[15][17]

The additional earthworks and concrete will increase duration of construction by 12 weeks so works were expected to be completed by 25 February 2016.[15] Extending the embankment once the airport is operational would have involved prohibitive costs as heavy equipment would have needed to be brought back to the island and huge quantities of rock from another site to be moved, while now material excavated from Prosperous Bay Plain will be used to fill Dry Gut.[15]

In June 2013 the St Helena Government announced it was again assessing changes that can be made to the design of the runway to cater for operations of a wider range of aircraft, in particular the Lockheed C-130 Hercules and the Boeing 757-200, the latter enabling direct flights to Europe, which are believed to be crucial for the island's tourism plans.[18][19] These are Code D aircraft requiring the addition of shoulders along both sides of the runway, a wider taxiway and apron, and a higher fire fighting capacity (ICAO Rescue Fire Fighting Service Category 7).[20]

In October 2013 a formal agreement was signed for the proposed design changes.[21] These enhancements will also make it possible for the Lockheed C-130 Hercules to operate to and from St Helena, though the runway is unlikely to be able to accommodate larger Code D aircraft, such as the Boeing 767.[21] The upgrade will be funded from cost savings on other parts of the project,[19] particularly by a simplified runway drainage system.[20]

Potential routes

Airlines may operate services to London, Cape Town and Johannesburg, although the announcement on 16 March 2015 only envisaged services to Johannesburg.

On 9 October 2015, the Government of Saint Helena and the Ascension Island Government announced a connection between the two islands. The connection will be flown by Comair using a Boeing 737-800. The flight will take about two hours to Wideawake Airfield. Comair’s air services between St Helena Airport and OR Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg are scheduled to commence in late May 2016 to coincide with the official opening of the airport on 21 May 2016.[22]

Atlantic Star Airlines operated by TUIfly has announced an intention to operate charter flights from London-Gatwick via Gambia (possibly starting May 2016)[23] using a Boeing 737-800 (an aircraft requiring fairly long runway).

This leaves Lubango Airport in Angola at a distance of 1,300 miles (2,100 km) as the next best diversion option for which every inbound aircraft must carry enough fuel reserve, limiting its load capacity. Inbound aircraft can have heavier load and more fuel if the takeoff is at a large airport like Johannesburg, compared to outbound. Outbound aircraft have the option to carry more load and less fuel and do an extra fuel stop in Namibia, for example.

Cargo

It is believed that reductions in ticket prices can be obtained by utilising spare payload capacity on flight to and from St Helena to carry air freight (e.g., agricultural products, coffee, fish).[24] At 70% passenger load factor a B737-800 operating, on an average day, into St Helena would have a spare payload capacity of some 4,000 kilograms (8,800 lb). The extra income possible per in-bound flight from cargo could be as high as the income equivalent of 19 passengers. This would give an effective load factor of 88% and could reduce ticket prices.[25]

Issues

Due to the short runway and the long distance to South Africa, a Boeing 737-700 flying to Johannesburg will not be able to use its full seat and cargo capacity. Only flights to and from Namibian and Angolan destinations would allow using a Boeing 737-700 near its full load capacity. The operator for the other planned destination, London, plans a fuel stop in the Gambia, at almost the same distance as Johannesburg.

If Wideawake Airfield on Ascension Island were open for commercial (i.e., non-military) flights, it could be listed as an alternate aerodrome; this would mean that the load capacity of an inbound Boeing 737-700 could be increased as less fuel reserves would be required.

The distance from key destinations, the length of runway available, and the type of aircraft available in the region dictate that air services to St Helena will have to operate to the requirements of Extended Twin Engine Operations (ETOPS) which implies the provision of an instrument approach system based on an off-set Instrument Landing System Localiser (ILS LLZ).[26][27]

Such is also required by the terrain of the airport which, in commercial passenger air transport terms, is safety-critical, due to its steep approaches, high elevation (1,000 ft or 300 m above sea level)[28] and rocky outcrops. Without an instrument approach the provision of a viable air service is considered impossible.[29]

There are doubts concerning local weather conditions and, in particular about the amount of turbulence that could be expected on the approaches from fallwinds resulting from the elevated location and the surrounding bluffs. Therefore, it has been recommended a charter aircraft to perform approaches to and departures from the intended runway, which had not taken place as of June 2015.[30]

Navigation aids

St Helena Airport will be equipped with an instrument landing system (ILS) and a Doppler VHF Omni-directional Radio Range system (DVOR) supplied by Thales Group.[31] Further to that Honeywell Aerospace will supply a SmartPath Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS), a technology that augments Global Positioning System (GPS) signals to make them suitable for precision approach and landing. It overcomes many of the limitations of Instrument Landing Systems (ILS) traditionally used by airports to guide aircraft as they approach the runway.[32]

Infrastructure and logistics

Logistics of the airport's construction are critical, because of the island's isolated location and the lack of construction equipment, which will require everything such as extremely heavy duty equipment and materials to be shipped in, thus resulting in a huge and unique logistics operation.[33]

Due to the limited landing infrastructure, with no breakwater or mooring facilities at the sea front, new harbour facilities capable of handling construction equipment and fuel supplies were constructed at Rupert's Bay.[34] Fuel transfers between Rupert's Bay and the aerodrome connected by a 14-kilometre haul road are assumed to be by road tanker for 20 years, after which a capital allowance has been made for enlargement of the bulk fuel storage and the installation of a fuel transfer pipeline.[27]

Basil Read has been sourcing its own ship, a roll-on/roll-off vessel[35] called NP Glory 4 flying the Thai flag,[36] which, as planned,[37] docked for the first time at St Helena on 11 July 2012 and has since been regularly supplying the island with cargo and personnel for the project.[38]

The company also considered developing a temporary runway to enable the use of a C-130 Hercules-type aircraft to facilitate quicker access to the site within 18 months of the beginning of construction,[35] but this was not done.

Project progress

Construction on Prosperous Bay Plain, February 2015

On 4 November 2011 Basil Read was awarded to construct an airport on St Helena Island.[12] The first representatives of Basil Read visited the island on Saturday 19 November 2011 for initial investigations and discussions.[39] Following a second team's visit during December 2011 Basil Read's project manager has settled to the island and the first St Helenian citizen has been employed.[33] Preparation works were expected to begin in early 2012 in Rupert's Valley on the west coast, which includes establishing storage facilities, a temporary fuel farm and the design and construction of a temporary wharf.[37]

Basil Read CEO Heyns in November 2011 said design phase would begin immediately and anticipated that construction could begin in May 2012 which at peak would employ some 300 people of which as many locals as possible should be involved. Migrant workers arriving for the airport development project will be subject to a screening for HIV.[40] Construction is said to take place over a 48-month period.[35]

Only four weeks after the approval for the airport to be constructed and years before operations would start, Geo. Robson & Co. (Conveyors) Ltd. had already completed and shipped a baggage reclaim carousel for the airport. It will sit half inside the terminal and half outside for the baggage handlers to load with passengers' luggage. The company stated that with a 12-metre (39 ft) perimeter it is one of the smallest baggage reclaim carousels they have ever manufactured.[41] Until the airport opens it will be used at St Helena's harbour to deliver baggage to passengers arriving by the RMS St Helena.

In June 2013 the 100,000th truckload of fill went into Dry Gut, a gorge which must be raised by almost 100 metres (330 ft) in order to create an embankment that will finally carry parts of the runway. This is equivalent to nearly 19% of the total of 8 million cubic metres required. Basil Read’s calculations showed that a further 430,000 truckloads of material is needed to complete the fill. As of July 2014, the Dry Gut fill project has a projected completion date of 8 September 2014.[42]

Calibration flights at the airport began in mid-September 2015, and a Beechcraft King Air 200 leased from TAB Charters in South Africa touched down on the island for the first time on 15 September of that year.[43] UK-based Flight Calibration Services undertook the flights and was to begin the journey from Lanseria International Airport, in Johannesburg, flying via Namibia and Angola. The aircraft was due be on site for an approximately one week to undertake the calibration flights, weather permitting.[44]

The first rotary-winged aircraft to use the airport was a AgustaWestland Wildcat HMA.2 of 201 Flight 825 Naval Air Squadron - callsign VOODOO - attached to the Type 23 frigate HMS Lancaster during late October 2015. It was piloted by Flight Commander Dave Neyland. [45][46][47][48]

In November 2015 a delay of the opening from February to May 2016 was announced.[49] This was needed "in order to fine tune the operational readiness of the airport". On 26 April 2016 a further delay to the opening, without a specified end date, was announced by St. Helena Government because of concerns regarding wind shear.[50]

UK-based Air Safety Support International (ASSI), a subsidiary company of Civil Aviation Authority responsible for aviation safety in Overseas Territories, issued on 10 May a safety certificate after having conducted an inspection in April.

The certificate indicates ASSI's satisfaction with the airport's infrastructure and aviation security measures that its air traffic control service complies with international aviation safety and security standards.

ASSI did not allow the airport to go into commercial operation, however, due to concerns over operational readiness of monitoring and clearing issues that include wind shear and turbulence.[51]

Project prospects

  • Air access would allow St Helena to develop its tourism sector.
  • A to-be-constructed wharf in Rupert's Bay – if sized appropriately – could allow regularly passing cruise ships to land passengers at the island and bring tourists. To date the lack of a protected landing facility represents a limitation on the development of cruise tourism because, in unfavourable sea conditions, landing is hazardous and potential revenue is lost as many cruise ships refuse to allow passengers to land in such circumstances. In addition, due to the lack of a protected landing facility, many cruise companies do not incorporate St Helena into their itineraries. The sea is roughest in summer which marks the peak of the cruise season.[52]
  • Medical evacuations to South Africa for treatment of serious cases of illness would be sped up significantly, as currently it may take up to one month until transport to South Africa by the RMS St Helena becomes available.
  • The availability of heavy construction equipment would facilate alternative energy projects, such as the construction of larger wind turbines, a tidal power plant or a dam with a hydro-power station in one of St Helena's valleys.[53] Limitations in cargo size of RMS St Helena and the unavailability of a large crane prohibit construction of larger wind turbines.[54]

Airlines and destinations

Airlines Destinations
Atlantic Star Airlines
operated by TUIfly		 Seasonal charter: London-Luton (begins 16 October 2016)[55][56]
British Airways
operated by Comair		 Ascension Island, Johannesburg-OR Tambo[citation needed]

St Helena will have an open skies policy; this allows any airline operator who meets all the required standards to fly in and out of St Helena.[57] Avia Solutions Group was appointed to support the St Helena Government (SHG) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) in reaching a contract with an air service provider to provide services to the island.[58]

On 16 March 2015 it was announced that SHG and DFID had appointed Comair Limited as the preferred bidder for the provision of air services to St Helena.[59] Comair is proposing a weekly flight between Johannesburg Airport and St Helena using a Boeing 737-800 aircraft. The flight time from Johannesburg to St Helena will be about four and a half hours. Reaction to the Comair announcement on St. Helena was largely negative,[60] with stories of luggage loss and crime in Johannesburg, and the fact that many of St. Helena's residents have personal links with Cape Town.[61] Concerns have also been raised about medical referrals, which are handled in Cape Town. These issues remain unresolved. The St Helena Government expects that a return economy flight from St Helena to South Africa would cost around £600. Assuming that an off-peak economy seat from South Africa to the UK would be available for approximately £700, return tickets for flights via South Africa to the UK would take the total price to around £1,300.[62] On 9 October 2015 Governor Mark Capes confirmed that once a month there will be a flight from St Helena to Ascension Island provided by Comair.[63]

Facilities

There are two main buildings,[64] the terminal building, and the combined building for airport operations, e.g. air traffic control, rescue services, etc. In addition there are some smaller buildings.

The terminal building has a café, a gift shop, a duty-free shop and a restaurant.[65]

Strategic relevance

The airport will extend the United Kingdom's capabilities to carry out airborne missions in the South Atlantic region, such as maritime patrols in accordance with international fishing agreements (e.g., International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas), counter-piracy missions along important trade routes, and also airlift operations notably into Southern Africa.

According to analysts the UK government's decision to finally go ahead with the airport, after long delays, seems to be driven in part by concerns over a continuing tense standoff with Argentina in the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute. The island is about 3,812 miles (seven hours and 40 minutes flight time) from the Falklands. But, analysts say that was nevertheless an improvement over the present state of isolation from the UK for both St. Helena and the Falklands.[66]

Controversy

Bidding process

According to Private Eye magazine, all of the companies tendering for the job of building and running the airport had by late September 2006 withdrawn from bidding for the project, which was to be funded by DfID. The local Access Office explained that the reasons were unclear but it seems the bidders considered the DfID has been unhelpful by not providing the possibility of on-site investigations in order to complete a detailed design before providing a fixed price for the project. According to the DfID's Director for Overseas Territories, his department remains committed to an airport for St Helena but at the time of the article there were no new bidders.[67]

DfID restarted the procurement process to identify a suitable Design, Build and Operate contractor in October 2006. Capability Statements were received by DfID in March 2007 and four bidders were pre-approved for the Design, Build and Operator contract and a further three applicants have been pre-approved for the Air Service Provider contract. The applicants for the DBO visited the island for six months from June 2007 before submitting their final proposals, and as of January 2008 DfID is down to a shortlist of two bidders.

It was reported in The Guardian on 10 December 2008 that UK Secretary of State for International Development Douglas Alexander had announced a "pause in negotiations over the St Helena airport contract",[68] apparently related to the 2008 economic downturn.

The St. Helena Leisure Corporation (Shelco) was set up by Arup's Sir Nigel Thompson and Berwin Leighton Paisner's Robert Jones, planning to construct luxury resorts and a hotel to be run by Oberoi Hotels & Resorts in conjunction with the airport. The real estate was to be sold even before construction had started; the proposal was turned down by the local government and the DfID.[69]

Environmental issues

Prosperous Bay Plain is one of the few remaining sites on Saint Helena that holds significant ecological diversity; according to a 2004 review by Atkins Management Consultants, the survival of numerous endemic species critically depend on preservation and protection of the location; it also is an important[according to whom?] nesting site for the wirebird, Saint Helena's national bird which is listed as critically endangered. Although Shelco still continues to be a major force pushing for the airport's construction, its co-founder Sir Nigel is the chairman of the environmental charity Campaign to Protect Rural England.[69][70][71]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 St Helena Government – Information Memorandum
  3. ↑ AIRPORT OPENING CEREMONY POSTPONED (St Helena Government 26 April 2016)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ http://en.mercopress.com/2015/05/23/on-st-helena-day-21-may-2016-begins-air-link-of-the-island-with-south-africa
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Basil Read awarded contract to construct airport on St Helena Island" Basil Read company website, 4 November 2011, retrieved 2011-DEC-24
  13. ↑ "Application Drawings, CI-01-1001 – General Runway Layout" Airport Development Application, 2004
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ http://www.sainthelenaaccess.com/news/2015/10/09/ascension-air-service-to-and-from-st-helena/
  23. ↑ Atlantic Star Airlines shares news of delay to opening date of St.Helena Airport
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ St Helena Access, Project Memorandum Overseas Territories Department, Department for International Development (DFID), January 2005, p. B-6
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "St Helena Access Feasibility Study" St Helena Government, Department for International Development, January 2005, p. 104
  28. ↑ "St Helena Access Feasibility Study" St Helena Government, Department for International Development, January 2005, p. 13
  29. ↑ "St Helena Access Feasibility Study" St Helena Government, Department for International Development, January 2005, p. 317
  30. ↑ "St Helena Access Feasibility Study" St Helena Government, Department for International Development, January 2005, p. 117
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Basil Read's second team Visits and first St Helenian employed", St Helena Herald, Volume XI no. 35, 23 December 2011, p. 5
  34. ↑ "St Helena Access Feasibility Study" St Helena Government, Department for International Development, January 2005, p. 17
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 "Basil Read wins R2.7bn contract to build St Helena's first airport " Engineering News, 3 November 2011
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Second Basil Read Team Arrives" The St Helena Herald, Volume XI Number 33, 9 December 2011, p.4
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ "Basil Read Team – Progression with Airport Developments" St Helena Government Public Relations / Information Office, Press Release, 24 November 2011
  40. ↑ "Airport News" St Helena Independent, Volume VI, Issue 49, 21 October 2011, p. 2
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ AIRPORT BOARD GRANTS ADDITIONAL TIME TO ACHIEVE OPERATIONAL READINESS
  50. ↑ AIRPORT OPENING CEREMONY POSTPONED (St Helena Government 26 April 2016)
  51. ↑ http://traveller24.news24.com/News/Flights/st-helena-airport-step-closer-to-operating-as-final-rms-journey-on-the-horizon-20160512
  52. ↑ "Jamestown, St Helena Wharf Improvements, Project EIA: Phase 2, Final Report" by the Government of St Helena, 8 August 2011
  53. ↑ St Helena Airport Environmental Statement – Volume 2 by Faber Maunsell AECOM, p. 17-3
  54. ↑ "Interview with Craig Penwarden, Renewable Energy Engineer at Saint Helena Government"
  55. ↑ Atlantic Star Airlines shares news of delay to opening date of St.Helena Airport
  56. ↑ http://www.atlanticstarairlines.com/#!ATLANTIC-STAR-AIRLINES-GAINS-REGULATORY-APPROVAL/c10mv/56eaf6050cf2dfd2515ffac9
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ AIR SERVICES TO ST HELENA
  60. ↑ http://www.saint.fm/the-independent/ 20 March 2015
  61. ↑ St Helena : Adjournment Debate Legislative Council 30th March 2015 by The Hon Mr Lawson Henry
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ http://www.sainthelenaaccess.com/news/faqs/
  65. ↑ First Operational Trial at St Helena Airport
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ "Departure Delayed". Private Eye, No. 1167, 15–28 September 2006.
  68. ↑ Owen Bowcott: "[1]". The Guardian, 10 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-DEC-10.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 David Lawson: "Island in the Sun". Property Week, 30 September 2005. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
  70. ↑ Robin Stummer and Daniel Howden: "The Battle for St Helena". Ezilon Infobase, 20 October 2005. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Retrieved 28 August 2007.

External links

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