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Sakurajima

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This article is about the volcano. For its eponymous giant white radish, see Sakurajima radish.
Sakurajima
File:Sakurajima55.jpg
View of Sakurajima from mainland Kagoshima, 2009
Highest point
Elevation Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).
Coordinates Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Geography
Sakurajima is located in Japan
Sakurajima
Sakurajima
Geology
Mountain type composite volcano
Last eruption 1955 to present

Sakurajima (Japanese: 桜島, lit. "Cherry Blossom Island") is an active composite volcano (stratovolcano) and a former island in Kagoshima Prefecture in Kyushu, Japan.[1] The lava flows of the 1914 eruption caused the former island to be connected with the Osumi Peninsula.[2]

The volcanic activity still continues, dropping large amounts of volcanic ash on the surroundings. Earlier eruptions built the white sands highlands in the region. As of September 2015, the volcano is under a Level 3 (orange) alert by the Japan Meteorological Agency, signifying the volcano is active and should not be approached.[3]

Sakurajima is a composite mountain. Its summit has three peaks, Kita-dake (northern peak), Naka-dake (central peak) and Minami-dake (southern peak) which is active now.

Kita-dake is Sakurajima's highest peak, rising to Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). above sea level. The mountain is located in a part of Kagoshima Bay known as Kinkō-wan. The former island is part of the city of Kagoshima.[4] The surface of this volcanic peninsula is about 77 km2 (30 sq mi).

History

Geological history

File:Sakurajima 1902 survey.jpg
A map of Sakurajima in 1902, showing it as a distinct island.

Sakurajima is located in the Aira caldera, formed in an enormous eruption 22,000 years ago.[5] Several hundred cubic kilometres of ash and pumice were ejected, causing the magma chamber underneath the erupting vents to collapse. The resulting caldera is over 20 km (12 mi) across. Tephra fell as far as 1,000 km (620 mi) from the volcano. Sakurajima is a modern active vent of the same Aira caldera volcano.

Sakurajima was formed by later activity within the caldera, beginning about 13,000 years ago.[6] It lies about Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). south of the centre of the caldera. Its first eruption in recorded history occurred in 963 AD.[7] Most of its eruptions are strombolian,[7] affecting only the summit areas, but larger plinian eruptions have occurred in 1471–1476, 1779–1782 and 1914.[8]

Volcanic activity at Kita-dake ended around 4,900 years ago: subsequent eruptions have been centered on Minami-dake.[9] Since 2006 activity has centred on Showa crater, to the East of the summit of Minami-dake.[10]

1914 eruption

Date January 1914
Type Peléan
VEI 4
Impact Pre-eruption earthquakes killed at least 35 people; caused an evacuation and significant changes to the local topography.

The 1914 eruption was the most powerful in twentieth-century Japan. Lava flows filled the narrow strait between the island and the mainland, turning it into a peninsula. The volcano had been dormant for over a century until 1914.[5] The 1914 eruption began on January 11. Almost all residents had left the island in the previous days, in response to several large earthquakes that warned them that an eruption was imminent. Initially, the eruption was very explosive, generating eruption columns and pyroclastic flows, but after a very large earthquake on January 13, 1914 which killed 35 people, it became effusive, generating a large lava flow.[5] Lava flows are rare in Japan—the high silica content of the magmas there mean that explosive eruptions are far more common[11]—but the lava flows at Sakurajima continued for months.[5]

The island grew, engulfing several smaller islands nearby, and eventually becoming connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. Parts of Kagoshima bay became significantly shallower, and tides were affected, becoming higher as a result.[5]

During the final stages of the eruption, the centre of the Aira Caldera sank by about 60 cm (24 in), due to subsidence caused by the emptying out of the underlying magma chamber.[5] The fact that the subsidence occurred at the centre of the caldera rather than directly underneath Sakurajima showed that the volcano draws its magma from the same reservoir that fed the ancient caldera-forming eruption.[5] The eruption partly inspired a 1914 movie, The Wrath of the Gods, centering on a family curse that ostensibly causes the eruption.

Current activity

An image taken from the International Space Station showing Sakurajima and its surroundings on 10 January 2013.
File:Sakurajima oli 2013231.jpg
Sakura-jima eruption as seen on August 18, 2013

Sakurajima's activity became more prominent in 1955, and the volcano has been erupting almost constantly ever since. Thousands of small explosions occur each year, throwing ash to heights of up to a few kilometers above the mountain. The Sakurajima Volcano Observatory was set up in 1960 to monitor these eruptions.[7]

Monitoring of the volcano and predictions of large eruptions are particularly important because of its location in a densely populated area, with the city of Kagoshima's 680,000 residents just a few kilometers from the volcano. The city conducts regular evacuation drills, and a number of shelters have been built where people can take refuge from falling volcanic debris.[12]

In light of the dangers it presents to nearby populations, Sakurajima was designated a Decade Volcano in 1991, identifying it as worthy of particular study as part of the United Nations' International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.[13]

Sakurajima is part of the Kirishima-Yaku National Park, and its lava flows are a major tourist attraction. The area around Sakurajima contains several hot spring resorts. One of the main agricultural products of Sakurajima is a huge basketball-sized white radish (Sakurajima daikon).[14]

On 10 March 2009, Sakurajima erupted, sending debris up to 2 km (1.2 mi). An eruption had been expected following a series of smaller explosions over the weekend. It is not thought there was any damage caused.[15]

In 2011 and 2012, Sakurajima experienced several significant eruptions; volcanic activity continues into 2013.[16] Photographer Martin Rietze captured a rare picture of lightning within the ash plume in January 2013 during a magma ejection, which was a NASA astronomy pic of the day in March 2013.[17]

On 18 August 2013, the volcano erupted from Showa crater and produced its highest recorded plume of ash since 2006, rising 5,000 metres high and causing darkness and significant ash falls on the central part of Kagoshima city. The eruption occurred at 16:31 and was the 500th eruption of the year.[18]

In August 2015, Japan's meteorological agency issued a level 4 emergency warning, which urges residents to prepare to evacuate.[19] Scientists warned that a major eruption could soon take place at the volcano.[20]

Timeline

  • 1914-dec-sakurajima-large-eruption.jpg

    1914 eruption

  • 1974 Japan Sakurajima.jpg

    Sakurajima eruption in 1974

  • Sakura-jima from space.jpg

    Space radar image of Sakurajima in 1994

  • Sakurajima21.JPG

    2004

  • Sakurajima 20091003.jpg

    2009

  • Kagoshima-shi-sakurajima-japan- 20100114- 013.jpg

    2010

Comparison

Sakurajima is one of the 16 Decade Volcanoes.

Reference in Japanese literature

Sakurajima is the title of a 1946 short story written by the Japanese writer Haruo Umezaki, about a disillusioned Navy officer stationed on the volcano island towards the end of World Word II, as American air force planes frequently bomb Japan. The story is based on Umezaki's own experience, when he was stationed in a military cipher base in the nearby Prefecture city of Kagoshima.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Sakurajima" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 814; see photo, caption -- Kagoshima after Sakurashima eruption, Illustrated London News. January 1914.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Japan Meteorological Agency: Volcano Warnings
  4. ↑ Nussbaum, "Kagoshima prefecture" at p. 447.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ VolcanoDiscovery
  17. ↑ NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ [1]

References

Further reading

External links

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