Sarı Saltık

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File:Sarı Saltuk-Rumeli Feneri.jpg
Sarı Saltuk's tomb inside the Rumeli Feneri lighthouse near the Black Sea coast of Istanbul's Sarıyer district

Sari Saltik (Turkish: Sarı Saltuk, Ottoman Turkish: صارى صالتق‎ Ṣarı̊ Ṣaltı̊q, also referred as Sari Saltuk Baba or Dede) (died 1297/1298)[1] was a 13th-century semi-legendary Turkish dervish, venerated as a saint by the Bektashis in the Balkans and parts of Middle East.

Historical figure

According to the 17th-century traveller Evliya Çelebi, his real name was Mehmed, and he originated from Bukhara.[2] According to 14th-century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta, Saltik was an "ecstatic devotee", although "things are told of him that are reproved by the Divine Law".[3] He is considered by various sources a disciple of Mahmud Hayran,[4] of Haji Bektash Veli,[5] or of one of the successors of Ahmed ar-Rifa'i.[6] In a fetwa by the 16th century Sheikh ul-Islam Ebu's-Su'ud Effendi, Sari Saltik is considered a "Christian monk" who became a skeleton by asceticism.[7] Early 20th century historian Frederick Hasluck considered him a saint of a Tatar tribe from Crimea, which had brought his cult into Dobruja, from where it was spread by the Bektashis.[8]

According to the 15th-century Oghuzname narrative, in 1261 he accompanied a group of Anatolia Turkomans into Dobruja, where they were settled by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII to protect the northern frontier of the empire. The same source places him in Crimea after 1265, along the Turkomans transferred there by Tatar khan Berke, and after 1280 mentions him leading the nomads back to Dobruja.[9][10] After the death of Sari Saltik, part of the Turkomans returned to Anatolia, while other remained and became Christians,[11] becoming the ancestors of the Gagauz people.[12] This migration has characteristics of a folk epic destan, and its historicity is doubted by some scholars.[3]

Legacy in Babadağ

The town of Babadag (Turkish, Babadağ, Mountain of the Baba), in the Romanian Dobruja, identified with the town of Baba Saltuq visited in 1331/1332 by Ibn Battuta,[13] is said to be named after him.[14] The oldest sources about Sari Saltik available place his tomb in the area of the future town.[15] This tomb was visited in 1484/1485 by Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II during a military campaign, and, after reporting an important victory, he ordered the building of a socio-religious and educational complex here (including a mausoleum to Saltik, finished in 1488), around which the town developed. According to Evliya Çelebi, a marble sarcophagus was found during the construction, with a Tatar inscription attesting it was the tomb of the saint. However this miraculous discovery is not mentioned in other sources talking about the sultan's passage through the town.[16]

Babadag became an important place of pilgrimage, visited in 1538 by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the most important urban centre in 16th-century Dobruja. The town however decayed during the frequent wars that ravaged the region during the 17th century, and was eventually burned down, along with the mausoleum to Saltik, during the Russo-Turkish Wars.[17] A simple domed türbe was rebuilt over the grave of the saint in 1828.[18] The mausoleum in Babadag remains of relative importance even nowadays, and was recently renovated, being reinaugurated in 2007 by Turkish prime-minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[19]

Legendary figure

In various legends he is identified with Christian saints (Saint George, Elijah, Saint Nicholas, Saint Simeon, Saint Naum or Saint Spyridon). According to a legend, his body was buried in seven coffins, in remote towns in the lands of the Infidels.[2] Nowadays, alleged tombs (türbe) are found over the Balkans (Blagaj village of Mostar, Krujë, Kaliakra) and western Anatolia (İznik).[20]

Notes

  1. ↑ according to Yusuf an-Nabhani, Ğami Karamat'l-Awliya, quoted in Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., p. 286
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Babinger, Ṣari Ṣaltik Dede, p. 172
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Norris, Islam in the Balkans, pp. 146-47.
  4. ↑ Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks..., p. 658
  5. ↑ Babinger, Sarı Saltuk Baba (Ṣari Ṣaltik Dede), p. 171
  6. ↑ Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., p. 287
  7. ↑ Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks..., p. 660
  8. ↑ <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

    Sari Saltik, the Bektashi apostle par excellence of Rumeli, seems to have had a similar history. He appears to have been originally the saint of a Tatar tribe in the Crimea, which emigrated to Baba Dagh in Rumania, carrying its cult with it. Developed by the Bektashi, Sari Saltik loses every trace of his real origin and figures as one of the missionary saints sent by Ahmed Yasevi for the conversion of Europe.

    — Hasluck, Christianity and Islam under the Sultans, p. 340
  9. ↑ Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks..., pp. 648-649, 659
  10. ↑ <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

    Yazicioğlu 'Alī, who wrote during the reign of Murad II (1421-51), says that 'Izz al-Dīn Kaykā'ūs II, who was threatened by his brother, found refuge with his followers at the court of the Byzantine emperor. He fought the latter's enemies, and as a reward the latter gave them the Dobrudja. The Turkish clans were summoned, and with Ṣarī Ṣaltiq (Sari Saltik) as their leader, they crossed over from Üsküdar and then proceeded to the Dobrudja.

    — Norris, Islam in the Balkans, pp. 146-47.
  11. ↑ Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks..., pp. 661-662
  12. ↑ Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks..., pp. 666
  13. ↑ Other scholars have suggested Ibn Battuta's Baba Saltuq should be placed in the steppes of Southern Russia
  14. ↑ Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., p. 284
  15. ↑ Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., pp. 286-287
  16. ↑ Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., pp. 290-292
  17. ↑ Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., pp. 294-296
  18. ↑ Kiel, Ottoman urban development..., p. 298
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

References

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