Section 51(xi) of the Australian Constitution
Section 51(xi) of the Australian Constitution is the subsection of Section 51 of the Australian Constitution granting the Commonwealth the power to make laws on "census and statistics".
Historical Context to the inclusion of the Census Power
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The first version of the Constitution included a census power. Its inclusion was not controversial. It can be seen as a class of 'nationhood powers' which reflected basic powers that a 'nation' was viewed with possessing (similar nationhood powers would include the currency power, the weights and measures power, and the postal power).
Australian colonies had collected statistics from settlement. The first simultaneous census was held across Australia in 1881 as part of the Census of the British Empire.
In December 1905 the Commonwealth Government passed The Census and Statistics Act 1905. The first Commonwealth Census after federation was held in 1911 (although a simultaneous state census was held in 1901).
The Australian Bureau of Statistics is the Commonwealth Agency responsible for census and statistics.
Other Sections of the Australian Constitution and the Census and Statistics Power
Section 24 of the Australian Constitution says the number of members in the House of Representatives per state will be based on the based on quotas based on population, which will be based on "the latest statistics of the Commonwealth" (s. 24(i)) and s. 24(ii)). Section 24 envinces a clear intention that the Commonwealth would use Section 51(xi) to conduct census and collect information, rather than leaving the matter to the states.
Section 127 of the Australian Constitution stated that "Aboriginal natives" should not be counted in the census. This section was removed by a referendum to amend the constitution that was held in 1967.
Section 127 did not use the word "census" – the language of s. 51(xi). On a purposive approach, the debates at the Constitutional Conventions showed the clear purpose of section 127 was to limit section 24. Section 127 operated to prevent the number of Aboriginals being used in the calculations for the number of members of the House of Representatives. Section 127 was quite a narrow provision, in that it did not use the word "statistics". Accordingly, section 51(xi) still allowed the Commonwealth had the power to collect statistics on Aboriginal people which it, in fact, did according population numbers.
References
- Full text of Section 51 of the Australian Constitution on Austlii
- Full text of Section 126 and the deleted Section 127 of the Australian Constitution on Austlii
- Dr Helen Irving,"The Census, Constitution and Australian Democracy" (Australian Bureau of Statistics)
- Ellen Percy Kraly, The Annual Censuses of Aborigines, 1925-1944: Technical Imperative, Social Demography, or Social Control? (Population Association of America, 2007)
