Semiparametric regression

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Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. In statistics, semiparametric regression includes regression models that combine parametric and nonparametric models. They are often used in situations where the fully nonparametric model may not perform well or when the researcher wants to use a parametric model but the functional form with respect to a subset of the regressors or the density of the errors is not known. Semiparametric regression models are a particular type of semiparametric modelling and, since semiparametric models contain a parametric component, they rely on parametric assumptions and may be misspecified and inconsistent, just like a fully parametric model.

Methods

Many different semiparametric regression methods have been proposed and developed. The most popular methods are the partially linear, index and varying coefficient models.

Partially linear models

A partially linear model is given by

 Y_i = X'_i \beta + g\left(Z_i \right) + u_i, \, \quad  i = 1,\ldots,n, \,

where  Y_{i} is the dependent variable,  X_{i} and  Z_{i} are  p \times 1 vectors of explanatory variables,  \beta is a  p \times 1 vector of unknown parameters and   Z_{i} \in \operatorname{R}^{q} . The parametric part of the partially linear model is given by the parameter vector  \beta while the nonparametric part is the unknown function  g\left(Z_{i}\right) . The data is assumed to be i.i.d. with  E\left(u_{i}|X_{i},Z_{i}\right) = 0 and the model allows for a conditionally heteroskedastic error process  E\left(u^{2}_{i}|x,z\right) = \sigma^{2}\left(x,z\right) of unknown form. This type of model was proposed by Robinson (1988) and extended to handle categorical covariates by Racine and Liu (2007).

This method is implemented by obtaining a  \sqrt{n} consistent estimator of  \beta and then deriving an estimator of  g\left(Z_{i}\right) from the nonparametric regression of  Y_{i} - X'_{i}\hat{\beta} on  z using an appropriate nonparametric regression method.[1]

Index models

A single index model takes the form

 Y = g\left(X'\beta_{0}\right) + u, \,

where  Y ,  X and  \beta_{0} are defined as earlier and the error term  u satisfies  E\left(u|X\right) = 0 . The single index model takes its name from the parametric part of the model  x'\beta which is a scalar single index. The nonparametric part is the unknown function  g\left(\cdot\right) .

Ichimura's method

The single index model method developed by Ichimura (1993) is as follows. Consider the situation in which  y is continuous. Given a known form for the function  g\left(\cdot\right) ,  \beta_{0} could be estimated using the nonlinear least squares method to minimize the function

 \sum_{i=1} \left(Y_i - g\left(X'_i \beta\right)\right)^2.

Since the functional form of  g\left(\cdot\right) is not known, we need to estimate it. For a given value for  \beta an estimate of the function

 G\left(X'_i \beta \right) = E\left(Y_i |X'_i \beta\right) = E\left[g\left(X'_i\beta_o \right)|X'_i \beta\right]

using kernel method. Ichimura (1993) proposes estimating  g\left(X'_{i}\beta\right) with

 \hat{G}_{-i}\left(X'_i \beta\right),\,

the leave-one-out nonparametric kernel estimator of  G\left(X'_{i}\beta\right) .

Klein and Spady's estimator

If the dependent variable  y is binary and  X_{i} and  u_{i} are assumed to be independent, Klein and Spady (1993) propose a technique for estimating  \beta using maximum likelihood methods. The log-likelihood function is given by

 L\left(\beta\right) = \sum_i \left(1-Y_i\right)\ln\left(1-\hat{g}_{-i}\left(X'_i\beta\right)\right) + \sum_{i}Y_i\ln\left(\hat{g}_{-i}\left(X'_i \beta\right)\right),

where  \hat{g}_{-i}\left(X'_{i}\beta\right) is the leave-one-out estimator.

Smooth coefficient/varying coefficient models

Hastie and Tibshirani (1993) propose a smooth coefficient model given by

 Y_i = \alpha\left(Z_i\right) + X'_i\beta\left(Z_i\right) + u_i
 = \left(1 + X'_i\right)\left(\begin{array}{c} \alpha\left(Z_i\right) \\ \beta\left(Z_i\right) \end{array}\right) + u_i
 = W'_i\gamma\left(Z_i\right) + u_i,

where  X_{i} is a  k \times 1 vector and  \beta\left(z\right) is a vector of unspecified smooth functions of  z .

 \gamma\left(\cdot\right) may be expressed as

 \gamma\left(Z_i\right) = \left(E\left[W_i W'_i|Z_i \right]\right)^{-1}E\left[W_i Y_i|Z_i\right].

See also

Notes

  1. See Li and Racine (2007) for an in-depth look at nonparametric regression methods.

References

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