Shikoku Pilgrimage
The Shikoku Pilgrimage (四国遍路 Shikoku Henro?) or Shikoku Junrei (四国巡礼?) is a multi-site pilgrimage of 88 temples associated with the Buddhist monk Kūkai (Kōbō Daishi) on the island of Shikoku, Japan. A popular and distinctive feature of the island's cultural landscape, and with a long history, large numbers of pilgrims (known as henro (遍路?)) still undertake the journey for a variety of ascetic, pious, and tourism-related purposes.[1] The pilgrimage is traditionally completed on foot, but modern pilgrims use cars, taxis, buses, bicycles, or motorcycles. The standard walking course is approximately 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) long and can take anywhere from 30 to 60 days to complete.
In addition to the 88 "official" temples of the pilgrimage, there are over 20 bangai — temples not considered part of the official 88. To complete the pilgrimage, it is not necessary to visit the temples in order; in some cases it is even considered lucky[citation needed] to travel in reverse order. Henro (遍路?) is the Japanese word for pilgrim,[2] and the inhabitants of Shikoku call the pilgrims o-henro-san (お遍路さん?), the o (お?) being an honorific and the san (さん?) a title similar to "Mr." or "Mrs.". They are often recognizable by their white clothing, sedge hats, and kongō-zue or walking sticks. Alms or osettai are frequently given. Many pilgrims begin and complete the journey by visiting Mount Kōya in Wakayama Prefecture, which was settled by Kūkai and remains the headquarters of Shingon Buddhism. The 21 kilometres (13 mi) walking trail up to Koya-san still exists, but most pilgrims use the train.
Contents
History
Background
Pilgrimages have played an important part in Japanese religious practice since at least the Heian period. Typically centred upon holy mountains, particular divinities, or charismatic individuals, they are usually to Buddhist sites although those to the shrines of Kumano and Ise are notable exceptions.[1][3]
Kōbō Daishi
Kūkai, born at Zentsū-ji (Temple 75) in 774, studied in China, and upon his return was influential in the promotion of esoteric Buddhism. He established the Shingon retreat of Kōya-san, was an active writer, undertook a programme of public works, and during visits to the island of his birth is popularly said to have established or visited many of its temples and to have carved many of their images. He is posthumously known as Kōbō Daishi.[4][5]
Development
The legends and cult of Kōbō Daishi, such as the episode of Emon Saburō, were maintained and developed by the monks of Kōya-san who travelled to expound Shingon and were active, along with other hijiri, in Shikoku.[6] In the Edo period, the policy of tochi kinbaku (土地緊縛?) restricted and regulated the movement of ordinary people. Pilgrims were required to obtain travel permits, follow the main paths, and pass through localities within a certain time limit, with the book of temple stamps or nōkyō-chō helping to provide proof of passage.[7]
Practice
Stages
Shikoku literally means "four provinces", those of Awa, Tosa, Iyo, and Sanuki, reorganised during the Meiji period into the prefectures of Tokushima, Kōchi, Ehime, and Kagawa. The pilgrim's journey through these four provinces is likened to a symbolic path to enlightenment, with temples 1–23 representing the idea of awakening (発心 hosshin?), 24–39 austerity and discipline (修行 shugyō?), 40–65 attaining enlightenment (菩提 bodai?), and 66–88 entering nirvana (涅槃 nehan?).[8]
Equipment
The pilgrim's traditional costume comprises a white shirt (白衣 oizuru?), conical Asian hat (すげ笠 suge-kasa?), and kongō-zue (金剛杖?). This may be supplemented by a wagesa (輪袈裟?). The henro also carries a bag (ずだ袋 zuda-bukuro?) containing name slips (納札 osame-fuda?), prayer beads (数珠 juzu?) (also known as nenju (念珠?)), a nōkyō-chō (納経帳?), incense sticks (線香 senkō?), and coins used as offerings (お賽銭 o-saisen?). The more religiously-minded henro may also carry a book of sutras (経本 kyōbon?) and go-eika (ご詠歌?) set with a bell.[9]
Rites
Upon arrival at each temple the henro washes before proceeding to the Hondō. After offering coins, incense, and the osame-fuda, the Heart Sutra (般若心経 Hannya Shingyō?) is chanted along with repetition of the Mantra of the main image (本尊 honzon?) and the Mantra of Light (光明真言 Kōmyō Shingon?). After kigan and ekō prayers, the henro proceeds to the secondary temple (大師堂 Daishidō?). Coins and a fuda are similarly offered, and again the Heart Sutra is chanted, along with repetition of the Gohōgō Mantra, namu-Daishi-henjō-kongō.[9]
Imitative versions
Attesting to the popularity of the Shikoku pilgrimage, from the eighteenth century a number of smaller imitative versions have been established.[3] These include a 150 kilometres (93 mi) circuit on Shōdo Island northeast of Takamatsu;[10] a 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) course on the grounds of Ninna-ji in Kyoto;[11] a route on the Chita Peninsula near Nagoya;[12] and circuits in Edo and Chiba Prefecture.[3] Outside of Japan, another version is on the Hawai'ian island of Kaua'i.[13]
Temples
Collectively, the 88 temples are known as Shikoku Hachijūhakkasho (四国八十八箇所?) or simply the Hachijūhakkasho (八十八箇所?).
No. | Temple | Honzon (main image) | Location | Coordinates | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ryōzen-ji (霊山寺) | Shaka Nyorai | Naruto, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
2 | Gokuraku-ji (極楽寺) | Amida Nyorai | Naruto, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
3 | Konsen-ji (金泉寺) | Shaka Nyorai | Itano, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
4 | Dainichi-ji (大日寺) | Dainichi Nyorai | Itano, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
5 | Jizō-ji (地蔵寺) | Enmei Jizō Bosatsu | Itano, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
6 | Anraku-ji (安楽寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Kamiita, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
7 | Jūraku-ji (十楽寺) | Amida Nyorai | Awa, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
8 | Kumadani-ji (熊谷寺) | Senjū Kannon | Awa, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
9 | Hōrin-ji (法輪寺) | Shaka Nyorai | Awa, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
10 | Kirihata-ji (切幡寺) | Senjū Kannon | Awa, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
11 | Fujii-dera (藤井寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Yoshinogawa, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
12 | Shōsan-ji (焼山寺) | Kokūzō Bosatsu | Kamiyama, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
13 | Dainichi-ji (大日寺) | Jūichimen Kannon | Tokushima, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
14 | Jōraku-ji (常楽寺) | Miroku Bosatsu | Tokushima, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
15 | Awa Kokubun-ji (阿波国分寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Tokushima, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
16 | Kannon-ji (観音寺) | Senjū Kannon | Tokushima, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
17 | Ido-ji (井戸寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Tokushima, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
18 | Onzan-ji (恩山寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Komatsushima, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
19 | Tatsue-ji (立江寺) | Jizō Bosatsu | Komatsushima, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
20 | Kakurin-ji (鶴林寺) | Jizō Bosatsu | Katsuura, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
21 | Tairyūji (太竜寺) | Kokūzō Bosatsu | Anan, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
22 | Byōdō-ji (平等寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Anan, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
23 | Yakuō-ji (薬王寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Minami, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
24 | Hotsumisaki-ji (最御崎寺) | Kokūzō Bosatsu | Muroto, Kochi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
25 | Shinshō-ji (津照寺) | Jizō Bosatsu | Muroto, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
26 | Kongōchō-ji (金剛頂寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Muroto, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
27 | Kōnomine-ji (神峰寺) | Jūichimen Kannon | Yasuda, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
28 | Dainichi-ji (大日寺) | Dainichi Nyorai | Kōnan, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
29 | Tosa Kokubun-ji (土佐国分寺) | Senjū Kannon | Nankoku, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
30 | Zenrakuji (善楽寺) | Amida Nyorai | Kōchi, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
31 | Chikurin-ji (竹林寺) | Monju Bosatsu | Kōchi, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
32 | Zenjibu-ji (禅師峰寺) | Jūichimen Kannon | Nankoku, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
33 | Sekkei-ji (雪蹊寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Kōchi, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
34 | Tanema-ji (種間寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Haruno, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
35 | Kiyotaki-ji (清滝寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Tosa, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
36 | Shōryū-ji (青竜寺) | Fudō Myōō | Tosa, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
37 | Iwamoto-ji (岩本寺) | Five Buddhas | Shimanto, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
38 | Kongōfuku-ji (金剛福寺) | Senjū Kannon | Tosashimizu, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
39 | Enkō-ji (延光寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Sukumo, Kōchi | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
40 | Kanjizai-ji (観自在寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Ainan, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
41 | Ryūkōji (竜光寺) | Jūichimen Kannon | Uwajima, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
42 | Butsumoku-ji (佛木寺) | Dainichi Nyorai | Uwajima, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
43 | Meiseki-ji (明石寺) | Senjū Kannon | Seiyo, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
44 | Daihō-ji (大宝寺) | Jūichimen Kannon | Kumakōgen, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
45 | Iwaya-ji (岩屋寺) | Fudō Myōō | Kumakōgen, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
46 | Jōruri-ji (浄瑠璃寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Matsuyama, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
47 | Yasaka-ji (八坂寺) | Amida Nyorai | Matsuyama, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
48 | Sairin-ji (西林寺) | Jūichimen Kannon | Matsuyama, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
49 | Jōdo-ji (浄土寺) | Shaka Nyorai | Matsuyama, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
50 | Hanta-ji (繁多寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Matsuyama, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
51 | Ishite-ji (石手寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Matsuyama, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
52 | Taisan-ji (太山寺) | Jūichimen Kannon | Matsuyama, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
53 | Enmyō-ji (圓明寺) | Amida Nyorai | Matsuyama, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
54 | Enmei-ji (延命寺) | Fudō Myōō | Imabari, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
55 | Nankōbō (南光坊) | Daitsū-chishō Butsu | Imabari, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
56 | Taisan-ji (泰山寺) | Jizō Bosatsu | Imabari, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
57 | Eifuku-ji (栄福寺) | Amida Nyorai | Imabari, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
58 | Senyū-ji (仙遊寺) | Senjū Kannon | Imabari, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
59 | Iyo Kokubun-ji (伊予国分寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Imabari, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
60 | Yokomine-ji (横峰寺) | Dainichi Nyorai | Saijō, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
61 | Kōon-ji (香園寺) | Dainichi Nyorai | Saijō, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
62 | Hōju-ji (宝寿寺) | Jūichimen Kannon | Saijō, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
63 | Kichijō-ji (吉祥寺) | Bishamonten | Saijō, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
64 | Maegami-ji (前神寺) | Amida Nyorai | Saijō, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
65 | Sankaku-ji (三角寺) | Jūichimen Kannon | Shikokuchūō, Ehime | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
66 | Unpen-ji (雲辺寺) | Senjū Kannon | Miyoshi, Tokushima | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
67 | Daikō-ji (大興寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Mitoyo, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
68 | Jinne-in (神恵院) | Amida Nyorai | Kan'onji, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
69 | Kannon-ji (観音寺) | Shō Kannon | Kan'onji, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
70 | Motoyama-ji (本山寺) | Batō Kannon | Mitoyo, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
71 | Iyadani-ji (弥谷寺) | Senjū Kannon | Mitoyo, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
72 | Mandara-ji (曼荼羅寺) | Dainichi Nyorai | Zentsūji, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
73 | Shusshakaji (出釈迦寺) | Shaka Nyorai | Zentsūji, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
74 | Kōyama-ji (甲山寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Zentsūji, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
75 | Zentsū-ji (善通寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Zentsūji, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
76 | Konzō-ji (金倉寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Zentsūji, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
77 | Dōryū-ji (道隆寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Tadotsu, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
78 | Gōshō-ji (郷照寺) | Amida Nyorai | Utazu, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
79 | Tennō-ji (天皇寺) | Jūichimen Kannon | Sakaide, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
80 | Sanuki Kokubun-ji (讃岐国分寺) | Jūichimen & Senjū Kannon | Takamatsu, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
81 | Shiromine-ji (白峯寺) | Senjū Kannon | Sakaide, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
82 | Negoro-ji (根香寺) | Senjū Kannon | Takamatsu, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
83 | Ichinomiya-ji (一宮寺) | Shō Kannon | Takamatsu, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
84 | Yashima-ji (屋島寺) | Jūichimen & Senjū Kannon | Takamatsu, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
85 | Yakuri-ji (八栗寺) | Shō Kannon | Takamatsu, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
86 | Shido-ji (志度寺) | Jūichimen Kannon | Sanuki, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
87 | Nagao-ji (長尾寺) | Shō Kannon | Sanuki, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
88 | Ōkubo-ji (大窪寺) | Yakushi Nyorai | Sanuki, Kagawa | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
See also
- Shingon
- Kōyasan
- Japan 100 Kannon, pilgrimage composed of the Saigoku, Bandō and Chichibu pilgrimages.
- Saigoku 33 Kannon, pilgrimage in the Kansai region.
- Bandō 33 Kannon, pilgrimage in the Kantō region.
- Chichibu 34 Kannon, pilgrimage in Saitama Prefecture.
- Chūgoku 33 Kannon, pilgrimage in the Chūgoku region.
- Kannon
- Buddhism in Japan
- Tourism in Japan
- For an explanation of terms concerning Japanese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhist art, and Japanese Buddhist temple architecture, see the Glossary of Japanese Buddhism.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Reader, Ian (2005). Making Pilgrimages: Meaning and Practice in Shikoku. University of Hawaii Press , p. 318. ISBN 978-0-8248-2907-0
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Further reading
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for [[Wikivoyage:88 Temple Pilgrimage#Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 863: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).|88 Temple Pilgrimage]]. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.. |
- Map of the 88 temples at Mum, I'm Here
- (English) Documentary movie about the 88 Temple Pilgrimage
- (English) Begin Japanology Season 5 EP16 : The Shikoku Pilgrimage 2012-05-03
- Guide to start the Shikoku 88 temples pilgrimage (french-english)
- (English) Echoes of Incense - A Pilgrimage in Japan by Don Weiss
- (English) A Shikoku Pilgrimage by Jasbir Sandhu
- (Japanese) Root of Shikoku - Electronic signpost -
- Articles with Geo
- Articles containing Japanese-language text
- Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010
- Articles with Japanese-language external links
- Use dmy dates from June 2011
- Shikoku region
- Buddhism in Japan
- Buddhist pilgrimages
- Shingon Buddhism
- Places of worship in Ehime Prefecture
- Places of worship in Kagawa Prefecture
- Places of worship in Kōchi Prefecture
- Places of worship in Tokushima Prefecture
- Japanese pilgrimages