Slavery in Vietnam

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Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The practice of slavery in Vietnam persisted since the Hồng Bàng period. Vietnam has been both a source and a destination for slaves.

Hong Bang period

During the Hồng Bàng period, the society was divided into three classes consisting of kings, citizens and slaves. A slave, the lowest class, served the aristocracy.

Chinese rule

During the Chinese domination period, Vietnamese girls were sold as sex slaves to the Chinese.[1] The poet Yuan Chen wrote a poem which contained the line "Slave girls of Viet (Yüeh), sleek of buttery flesh". A large trade developed where the native girls of Nam Viet were enslaved and brought north to the Chinese.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Southern Yue girls were sexually eroticized in Chinese literature and in poems written by Chinese who were exiled to the south.[8]

Dynastic era

The Vietnamese enslaved enemy prisoners of war including the Chinese and Cham.

Ly dynasty

During the Lý dynasty, Vietnam raided Song dynasty to enslave Chinese, who were forced to serve in the Vietnamese army as soldiers.[9] Vietnamese Buddhist Temples received Cham slaves who were prisoners of war.[10]

Le dynasty

After the Cham–Vietnamese War (1471) Cham prisoners were given as slaves to Vietnamese estates.[11] They were all eventually ordered to be killed due to a royal order.[12][13]

Emperor Lê Thánh Tông was aggressive in his relations with foreign countries including China and Malacca and cracked down on foreign trade and contacts, enforcing an isolationist policy. A large amount of trade between Guangdong and Vietnam happened during his reign. Early accounts recorded that the Vietnamese captured Chinese whose ships had blown off course and detained them. Young Chinese men were selected by the Vietnamese for castration to become eunuch slaves to the Vietnamese. It has been speculated by modern historians that the Chinese who were captured and castrated by the Vietnamese were involved in trade between China and Vietnam instead of actually being blown off course by the wind and they were punished as part of a crackdown on illegal foreign trade by Vietnam.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Records show that the Vietnamese performed castration in a painful procedure by removing the entire genitalia with both penis and testicles being cut off with a sharp knife or metal blade. The procedure was agonizing since the entire penis was cut off.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28] The young man's thighs and abdomen would be tied and others would pin him down on a table. The genitals would be sterilized with pepper water and then cut off. A tube would be then inserted into the urethra to allow urination during healing. Any facial hair such as the beard would fall off and the eunuch's voice would become like a girl's.[29] The eunuchs served as slaves to the Vietnamese palace women in the harem like the consorts, concubines, maids, Queen, and Princesses, doing most of the work.[30][31][32][33][34][35] The only man allowed in the Palace was the Emperor, the only others allowed were his women and the eunuchs since they were not able to have sexual relations with the women. The eunuchs were assigned to do work for the palace women like massaging and applying make up to the women and preparing them for sex with the Emperor.[36][37][38][39]

Several Malay envoys from the Malacca Sultanate were attacked and captured in 1469 by Annam (Vietnam) as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured.[40][41][42][43][44]

A 1472 entry in the Ming Shilu reported that when some Chinese from Nanhai county escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they found out up to 100 Chinese men remained captives in Vietnam after they were caught and castrated by the Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into Vietnam. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries.[45][46][47][48] China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration.[49][50]

A 1499 entry in the Ming Shilu recorded that thirteen Chinese men from Wenchang including a young man named Wu Rui were captured by the Vietnamese after their ship was blown off course while traveling from Hainan to Guangdong's Qin subprefecture (Qinzhou), after which they ended up near the coast of Vietnam, during the Chenghua Emperor's rule (1447 - 1487) . Twelve of them were enslaved to work as agricultural laborers, while the youngest, Wu Rui (吳瑞) was selected for castration since he was the only young man and he became a eunuch attendant at the Vietnamese imperial palace in Thăng Long. After years of service, he was promoted at the death of the Vietnamese ruler in 1497 to a military position in northern Vietnam. A soldier told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped to Longzhou. The local chief planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese, but Wu was rescued by the Pingxiang magistrate and then was sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the palace.[51][52][53][54][55]

The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now Quảng Ninh Province) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong.[56][57][58][59][60] This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured.[52]

Nguyen lords rule

The Dutch in Taiwan owned Quinamese slaves (from Quảng Nam Province).[61][62]

Nguyen dynasty

The Vietnamese enslaved "barbarian" uplanders in Cochinchina.[63]

Republican era

Since the 1980s, some women from Vietnam have become victims of kidnapping, the bride-buying trade, and human trafficking and prostitution in China.[64] The present-day struggle of the Vietnamese female victims of "bride-brokers" can be summarized by the larger-than-life poem known as the "The Tale of Kieu," which narrates the story of a female protagonist of Vietnam who was purchased by foreigners and was violated, yet kept fighting back against her captors and offenders.[64]

Human traffickers, such as in Bangkok, trick, kidnap and detain the women for the purpose of raping them, making them surrogate mothers, and selling their babies to clients in Taiwan.[65]

See also

References

  1. Viet Nam History - Part 2 (Lịch Sử Việt Nam - phần 2) http://thuvienbao.com/books-literature/viet_history/VNHistory_2.htm http://www.vietlist.us/SUB_VietHistory/VNHistory_2.shtml
  2. Schafer (1967), p. 56 The Vermilion Bird, p. 56, at Google Books
  3. Reilly (2003), p. 59 Racism: A Global Reader, p. 59, at Google Books
  4. Cartier (2011), https://books.google.com/books?id=TRuqcutRvUAC&pg=PT31#v=onepage&q&f=false
  5. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. Vietnam Past and Present: The North https://books.google.com/books?id=gKCea9iRga4C&pg=PT232#v=onepage&q&f=false
  7. Schafer (1963), p. 44 The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics, p. 44, at Google Books
  8. Abramson (2011), p. 21 Ethnic Identity in Tang China, p. 21, at Google Books
  9. Journal of Southeast Asian studies, Volume 37, Issue 1 (2006), p. 87
  10. Nguyen (1997), p. 347 Slavery in Vietnam at Google Books
  11. Kiernan (2008), p. 110 Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000, p. 110, at Google Books
  12. Kiernan (2008), p. 111 Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000, p. 111, at Google Books
  13. Taylor (1995), p. 46 Essays Into Vietnamese Pasts, p. 46, at Google Books
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  16. http://www.zhgpl.com/crn-webapp/cbspub/secDetail.jsp?bookid=3222&secid=3257)(http://www.zhgpl.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCreate.jsp?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100107474&mdate=0911123624
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  18. coluid=6&kindid=30&docid=100107474)(http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1001/0/7/4/100107474.html?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100107474&mdate=0911123624) (http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCNML.jsp?coluid=55&kindid=1160&docid=100107474)(http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCNML.jsp?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100151090)(http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1001/5/1/0/100151090.html?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100151090&mdate=0911123624)(http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCreate.jsp?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100107474&mdate=0911123624%7C)
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  40. Tsai (1996), p. 15 The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan), p. 15, at Google Books
  41. Rost (1887), p. 252 Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 1, p. 252, at Google Books
  42. Rost (1887), p. 252 Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China and Indian archipelage: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Second Series, Volume 1, p. 252, at Google Books
  43. Wade 2005, p. 3785/86
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  45. Wade 2005, p. 2078/79
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  48. 《明宪宗实录》卷一百六,成化八年七月癸亥
  49. Tsai (1996), p. 16 The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan), p. 16, at Google Books
  50. Tsai (1996), p. 245 The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan), p. 245, at Google Books
  51. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. 52.0 52.1 Cooke (2011), p. 109 The Tongking Gulf Through History, p. 109, at Google Books
  53. Wade 2005, p. 2704/05
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  55. 《明孝宗实录》卷一五三,弘治十二年八月辛卯
  56. Cooke (2011), p. 108 The Tongking Gulf Through History, p. 108, at Google Books
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  61. Chiu (2008), p. 84 The Colonial 'civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa: 1624 - 1662, p. 84, at Google Books
  62. Chiu (2008), p. 124 The Colonial 'civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa: 1624 - 1662, p. 124, at Google Books
  63. Li (1998), p. 125 Nguyễn Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries , p. 125, at Google Books
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Further reading

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