Super Bowl V

Super Bowl V

Baltimore Colts (AFC) Dallas Cowboys (NFC) 16 13
1 2 3 4 Total BAL 0 6 0 10 16 DAL 3 10 0 0 13
Date	January 17, 1971 (1971-01-17)
Stadium	Orange Bowl, Miami, Florida
MVP	Chuck Howley, Linebacker, Cowboys
Favorite	Colts by 2.5
Referee	Norm Schachter
Attendance	79,204
Future Hall of Famers
Colts: Ted Hendricks, John Mackey, Johnny Unitas. Cowboys: Tex Schramm (team administrator), Tom Landry (coach), Herb Adderley, Mike Ditka, Bob Hayes, Bob Lilly, Mel Renfro, Roger Staubach, Rayfield Wright.
Ceremonies
National anthem	Tommy Loy (Trumpeter)
Coin toss	Norm Schachter
Halftime show	Southeast Missouri State College Marching Golden Eagles Band with Anita Bryant
TV in the United States
Network	NBC
Announcers	Curt Gowdy and Kyle Rote
Nielsen ratings	39.9 (est. 46 million viewers)
Market share	75
Cost of 30-second commercial	US$72,000

Super Bowl V, the 5th edition of the Super Bowl and first modern-era National Football League championship game, was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Colts and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1970 season. The Colts defeated the Cowboys by the score of 16–13. The game was played on January 17, 1971, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, the first Super Bowl game played on artificial turf, on first-generation Poly-Turf.

This was the first Super Bowl played after the completion of the AFL-NFL Merger. Beginning with this game and continuing to the present day, the Super Bowl has served as the NFL's league championship game, with the winner of the AFC Championship Game and the winner of the NFC Championship Game facing off in the culmination of the NFL playoffs. As per the merger agreement, all 26 AFL and NFL teams were divided into two conferences with 13 teams in each of them. Along with the Colts, the Cleveland Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers agreed to join the 10 AFL teams to form the AFC. The remaining 13 NFL teams formed the NFC. This explains why the Colts represented the NFL in Super Bowl III, but the AFC for Super Bowl V. Baltimore advanced to Super Bowl V after posting an 11–2–1 regular season record. Meanwhile, the Cowboys were making their first Super Bowl appearance after posting a 10–4 regular season record.

The game is sometimes called the "Blunder Bowl" or the "Stupor Bowl" because it was filled with poor play, a missed PAT, penalties, turnovers, and officiating miscues. The two teams committed a Super Bowl record 11 combined turnovers in the game, and the Colts' seven turnovers are currently the most ever committed by a winning team in a Super Bowl. Dallas also set a Super Bowl record with 10 penalties, costing them 133 yards. It was finally settled with five seconds left when Colts rookie kicker Jim O'Brien kicked a 32-yard field goal. In order to win the game, Baltimore had to overcome a 13–6 deficit at the half, losing their starting quarterback in the second quarter.

It is the only Super Bowl in which the Most Valuable Player Award was given to a member of the losing team: Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley, who intercepted two passes (sacks and tackles were not yet recorded). Howley, the first non-quarterback to win the MVP award, refused to accept it because it was meaningless to him after his team lost. In a similar vein, Colts defensive end Bubba Smith would later refuse to wear his Super Bowl V ring because of the "sloppy" play.

Background

The NFL awarded Super Bowl V to Miami on March 17, 1970 at the owners meeting held in Honolulu.

The Miami Orange Bowl during Super Bowl V

Baltimore Colts

The Colts were an unspectacular but well-balanced veteran team, led by 37-year-old quarterback Johnny Unitas. Unitas had regained his starting spot on the team in 1969 upon recovering from an injury that led him to miss the majority of the 1968 season. Unitas played inconsistently during the 1970 regular season; he threw for 2,213 yards, but recorded more interceptions than touchdowns. Unitas also had injury problems, causing him to miss two regular season games and thus giving Earl Morrall more significant playing time. Morrall put up better statistics than Unitas (792 yards, 9 touchdowns, 4 interceptions, and a 97.6 passer rating), but head coach Don McCafferty decided to start Unitas for the playoffs. (According to Jim O'Brien, Morrall was just as good as Unitas in the players' opinion.)

In addition, Baltimore had three solid weapons in the passing game: wide receivers Eddie Hinton and Roy Jefferson, and future Hall of Fame tight end John Mackey combined for 119 receptions, 1,917 yards, and 15 touchdowns. In the backfield, running back Norm Bulaich was the team's top rusher with 426 yards and 3 touchdowns, while also catching 11 passes for another 123 yards.

The Colts' main strength was their defense. Pro Bowl defensive tackle Bubba Smith anchored the line. Behind him, the Colts had two outstanding linebackers: Pro Bowler Mike Curtis, who recorded 5 interceptions, and Ted Hendricks. In the secondary, Pro Bowl safety Jerry Logan recorded 6 interceptions for 92 return yards and 2 touchdowns, while safety Rick Volk had 4 interceptions for 61 return yards.

Don Klosterman, formerly with San Diego, Kansas City and Houston in the AFL, became the Colts' General Manager in 1970. Future Colts GM Ernie Accorsi was the public relations director.

Baltimore finished the regular season winning the AFC East with an 11–2–1 record, also the best record in the AFC. Only the Minnesota Vikings had a better record among all NFL teams, going 12-2.

Dallas Cowboys

The Cowboys had to overcome many obstacles during the regular season. Running back Calvin Hill, the team's second leading rusher with 577 yards and 4 touchdowns, was lost for the year after suffering a leg injury late in the regular season. And wide receiver Bob Hayes was benched by head coach Tom Landry for poor performances on several occasions.

Most significantly, the Cowboys had a quarterback controversy between Craig Morton and Roger Staubach. Morton and Staubach alternated as the starting quarterback during the regular season. Landry eventually settled on Morton for most of the second half of the season, because he felt less confident that Staubach would follow his game plan (Landry called all of Morton's plays). Also, Morton had done extremely well in the regular season, throwing for 1,819 yards and 15 touchdowns, with only 7 interceptions, earning him a passer rating of 89.8. In contrast, Staubach, although a noted scrambler and able to salvage broken plays effectively, threw for 542 yards, and only 2 touchdowns compared to 8 interceptions, giving him a 42.9 rating.

Hayes was the main deep threat on the team, catching 34 passes for 889 yards (a 26.1 yards per catch average) and 10 touchdowns, while also rushing 4 times for 34 yards and another touchdown, and adding another 116 yards returning punts. On the other side of the field, wide receiver Lance Rentzel (who would be deactivated for the last few weeks of the season and postseason following an indecent exposure charge; being replaced in the starting lineup by Reggie Rucker) recorded 28 receptions for 556 yards and 5 touchdowns.

However, the main strength on the Cowboys offense was their running game. Rookie running back Duane Thomas rushed 151 times for 803 yards (a 5.1 yards per carry average) and 5 touchdowns, while adding another 416 yards returning kickoffs. Fullback Walt Garrison, who replaced the injured Hill, provided Thomas with excellent blocking and rushed for 507 yards and 3 touchdowns himself. Garrison was also a good receiver out of the backfield, catching 21 passes for 205 yards and 2 touchdowns. Up front, Pro Bowl guard John Niland and Rayfield Wright anchored the offensive line.

Like the Colts, the Cowboys main strength was their defense. Nicknamed the "Doomsday Defense", they allowed just one touchdown in their last six games prior to the Super Bowl. Their line was anchored by future Hall of Fame defensive tackle Bob Lilly. Behind him, linebackers Lee Roy Jordan, Dave Edwards and Chuck Howley excelled at stopping the run and pass coverage. The Cowboys also had an outstanding secondary, led by Mel Renfro and Herb Adderley, who combined for 7 interceptions. Safety Charlie Waters led the team with 5 interceptions, while safety Cliff Harris recorded 2.

Dallas finished the regular season winning the NFC East with a 10–4 record, winning their final five regular season games to overcome the St. Louis Cardinals (who lost their final three games and fell to third place in the final standings) and New York Giants (who lost their finale 31–3 to the Los Angeles Rams; a Giants victory would have given New York the NFC East title based upon a better division record and forced a coin toss between the Cowboys and Detroit Lions for the wild card playoff spot).

Playoffs

In the playoffs, Dallas defeated the Detroit Lions in sunny weather at the Cotton Bowl, 5–0, with a field goal and a safety. Then the Cowboys overcame the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC championship game, 17–10, aided by Thomas' 143 rushing yards, along with interceptions by Renfro and Jordan late in the third quarter that were both converted into touchdowns.

Meanwhile, the Colts advanced to the Super Bowl by beating the Cincinnati Bengals, 17–0, and the Oakland Raiders, 27–17, in the playoffs at Memorial Stadium.

Super Bowl pregame news and notes

For the Colts, Super Bowl V represented a chance to redeem themselves for their humiliating loss to the New York Jets in Super Bowl III. Volk commented, "Going to the game a second time took away some of the awe. I think we were able to focus better. There was no way we were going to let ourselves get beat again."

Meanwhile, the game was a chance for the Cowboys to lose their nickname of "next year's champions" and their reputation of "not being able to win the big games". In the past 5 seasons, Dallas had won more games, 52 out of 68, than any other professional football team, but they had never won any league title. The Cowboys had chances to go to the first two Super Bowls, but narrowly lost to the Green Bay Packers in both the 1966 and 1967 NFL Championship games. In the 1966 title game, the Cowboys lost because they failed to score a touchdown on 4 attempts starting from the Packers 2-yard line on the game's final drive. Then in the 1967 title game (the "Ice Bowl"), the Cowboys lost because they allowed the Packers to score a touchdown with 16 seconds left in the game.

As the designated home team, Dallas was forced to wear its blue jerseys for the Super Bowl under rules in place at the time, which did not allow the home team its choice of jersey color, unlike the regular season and playoff games leading up to the Super Bowl. Dallas had not worn its blue jerseys at home since 1964, as Cowboys general manager Tex Schramm opted to have the team wear white at home in order to present fans with a consistent look. The Cowboys wore their blue jerseys twice during the 1970 season, losing 20–7 at St. Louis in week four and winning 6–2 at Cleveland in week 13. The designated home team was first allowed its choice of jersey color for Super Bowl XIII, allowing the Cowboys to wear white vs. the Pittsburgh Steelers.

Television and entertainment

The game was broadcast in the United States by NBC with play-by-play announcer Curt Gowdy and color commentator Kyle Rote. Although the Orange Bowl was sold out for the event, unconditional blackout rules in the NFL prohibited the live telecast from being shown in the Miami area. The blackout was challenged in Miami-Dade District Court by attorney Ellis Rubin, and although the judge denied Rubin's request since he felt he did not have the power to overrule the NFL, he agreed with Rubin's argument that the blackout rule was unnecessary for the Super Bowl.

Super Bowl V is the last Super Bowl to have had the majority of its telecast wiped. The complete original broadcast of the pregame, halftime, first, second, and third quarters exists, however most of the fourth quarter is missing from network vaults. Broadcast excerpts of the crucial fourth-quarter plays, recovered from the Canadian feed of NBC's original, do exist and circulate among collectors. (Two different NFL Films game compilations also cover the fourth quarter plays, in part.)

The bands from Southern University and Southeast Missouri State College performed before the game, while trumpeter Tommy Loy played the national anthem. Loy also played the anthem before every Cowboys' home game from the mid-1960s until the late-1980s. The Southeast Missouri State Indians Band was featured during the halftime show along with singer Anita Bryant.

Game summary

The first three possessions of the game ended quietly with each team punting after a three-and-out. Then, on the first play of the Colts second drive, Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley intercepted a pass from Johnny Unitas and returned it to the Colts 46-yard line, the first of 11 turnovers committed by both teams. The Cowboys failed to take advantage of the turnover and punted several plays later. However, Colts punt returner Ron Gardin muffed the return, and the loose ball was recovered by Cowboys safety Cliff Harris at the Colts 9-yard line. The Cowboys were unable to score a touchdown and settled for kicker Mike Clark's 14-yard field goal to establish a 3–0 lead.

After another Colts punt, Cowboys quarterback Craig Morton completed a 47-yard pass to Bob Hayes to reach the Colts 12-yard line, with a roughing the passer penalty adding 6 yards (half the distance to the goal), but Dallas was denied the end zone by the Baltimore defense for a second time. Linebacker Ted Hendricks deflected Morton's pass on first down, running back Duane Thomas was tackled for a 1-yard loss on second down, and Morton committed a 15-yard intentional grounding penalty on third down, pushing the Cowboys back to the 22-yard line and forcing them to settle for Clark's 30-yard field goal, stretching the score to 6-0.

On their next possession the Colts offense got a break. After two straight incompletions to open the drive, Unitas uncorked a pass to Eddie Hinton that was both high and behind the receiver. The ball ricocheted off Hinton's hands, was tipped by Dallas defensive back Mel Renfro, then landed in the arms of tight end John Mackey, who sprinted 75 yards for a touchdown. The Cowboys subsequently blocked Jim O'Brien's extra point attempt to keep the score tied at 6-6, with O'Brien later saying that he was "awfully nervous" and hesitated a second too long before kicking it.

Early in the second quarter, Cowboys linebacker Lee Roy Jordan tackled Unitas, causing him to fumble. Dallas recovered the loose ball and capitalized several plays later, scoring on a 7-yard touchdown pass from Morton to Thomas to establish a 13-6 lead. The next time the Colts had the ball they quickly turned it over yet again, with Unitas unleashing a fluttering interception to Renfro while being hit fiercely on a pass. Unitas was knocked out of the game permanently on the play with a rib injury and was replaced by Earl Morrall, who was widely blamed for the Colts loss in Super Bowl III. The Cowboys were unable to score any points off the turnover, though, and punted. After regaining possession, the Colts offense stormed all the way to the Cowboys 2-yard line with less than two minutes remaining in the half. However, the Cowboys defense stiffened. Colts running back Norm Bulaich was stuffed on three consecutive rushing attempts from inside the 2-yard line. On fourth down, Morrall threw an incomplete pass, turning the ball over on downs and ending the half with Dallas leading 13-6.

The second half was a parade of turnovers, sloppy play, penalties, and missed opportunities.

The Colts fumbled the opening kickoff of the second half and Dallas recovered. The Cowboys marched to the Colts 1-yard line, but Mike Curtis punched the ball loose from Cowboys running back Duane Thomas before crossing the end zone, and the Colts took over on a touchback – a controversial call because when the resulting pile-up was sorted out, Dallas center Dave Manders was holding the ball. The energized Colts then drove to the Cowboys 44-yard line but came up empty when O'Brien's 52-yard field goal attempt fell short of the goal posts. However, instead of attempting to return the missed field goal, the Cowboys allowed it to bounce inside their own 1-yard line where it was downed by center Tom Goode (NFL rules prior to 1974 allowed a field goal that fell short of the goal posts to be downed just like a punt). "I thought it would carry into the end zone", Renfro explained after the game.

Dallas, backed up to its own end zone, punted after three plays. The Colts would have received the ball inside Dallas territory following the punt, but a 15-yard clipping penalty pushing the Colts back to their own 39 to begin the drive. Two plays later, Morrall completed a 45-yard pass to running back Tom Nowatzke to reach the Cowboys 15-yard line. But three plays later, on the first play of the fourth quarter, Morrall threw an interception in the end zone to preserve the Cowboy's 13-6 lead.

After forcing the Cowboys to punt, the Colts regained the ball on their own 18-yard line, still trailing 13-6. Aided by a pass interference call and a 23-yard completion, the Colts advanced into Dallas territory. The Colts then attempted to fool the Cowboys with a flea-flicker play, with running back Sam Havrilak taking a handoff from Morrall and successfully completing a pass to receiver Eddie Hinton. However, as Hinton raced toward a touchdown, Cowboys defensive back Cornell Green stripped him from behind at the 11-yard line. The loose ball bounced wildly in the field of play but somehow evaded recovery. It was eventually pushed 20 yards through the back of the end zone for a touchback, thus returning the ball to the Cowboys at their 20-yard line.

Three plays after the turnover the Cowboys returned the favor. Morton threw a pass that was intercepted by Colts safety Rick Volk, who returned the interception 30 yards to the Cowboys 3-yard line (Morrall later referred to play as the play of the game). Two plays later, the Colts scored on a 2-yard touchdown run by Nowatzke. O'Brien's extra point sailed through the uprights to tie the game at 13–13. (O'Brien says he was much calmer and more confident on this extra point than on the first one, which was blocked.)

The next several possessions ended in traded punts, with the Cowboys eventually taking over in excellent field position at the Colts 48-yard line with less than 2 minutes left in the game.

On the second play of this potential game-winning drive, Dallas committed a 15-yard holding penalty on the 42-yard line, which was a spot foul, pushing the team all the way back to its own 27-yard line (the NFL did not reduce the penalty for offensive holding to 10 yards until 1974). Then, on second down and 35, Morton threw a pass that slipped through the hands of running back Dan Reeves and bounced into the arms of linebacker Mike Curtis for an interception, who then returned the ball 13 yards to the Cowboys 28-yard line. Two plays later, O'Brien kicked the go ahead 32-yard field goal, giving Baltimore a 16–13 lead with five seconds left in the game. O'Brien says he was "on automatic" and was so calm and concentrating so hard that he didn't hear anything and saw only the ball. In an enduring image from Super Bowl V, after O'Brien's game-winning field goal Bob Lilly took off his helmet and hurled it through the air in disgust.

The Cowboys received the ball again on their 40-yard line with a few seconds remaining after O'Brien's ensuing squib kick, but Morton's pass to Garrison was intercepted by Logan at the Baltimore 29-yard line, and time expired.

Morrall was the top passer of the game, with 7 out of 15 completions for 147 yards, with 1 interception. Before being knocked out of the game, Unitas completed 3 out of 9 passes for 88 yards and a touchdown, with 2 interceptions. Morton completed more passes than Morrall and Unitas combined (12), but finished the game with 118 fewer passing yards (127), and was intercepted 3 times (all in the fourth quarter). Mackey was the top receiver of the game with 2 receptions for 80 yards and a touchdown. Nowatzke was the Colts' leading rusher with 33 yards and a touchdown, while also catching a pass for 47 yards. Dallas running back Walt Garrison was the leading rusher of the game with 65 rushing yards, and added 19 yards on 2 pass receptions.

Referencing the numerous turnovers, Morrall said, "It really was a physical game. I mean, people were flying into one another out there." "It was really a hard-hitting game," wrote O'Brien. "It wasn't just guys dropping the ball. They fumbled because they got the snot knocked out of them." Said Tom Landry:

I haven't been around many games where the players hit harder. Sometimes people watch a game and see turnovers and they talk about how sloppy the play was. The mistakes in that game weren't invented, at least not by the people who made them. Most were forced.

"We figured we could win if our offense didn't put us into too many holes", said 35-year-old Colts lineman Billy Ray Smith, who was playing in his last NFL game, "Let me put it this way, they didn't put us into any holes we couldn't get out of".

Don McCafferty became the first rookie head coach to win a Super Bowl.

Box score

	1	2	3	4	Total
Colts	0	6	0	10	16
Cowboys	3	10	0	0	13

at Orange Bowl, Miami, Florida

• Date: January 17, 1971
• Game time: 2:00 p.m. EST
• Game weather: 70 °F (21 °C), clear

Scoring summary

Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP Colts Cowboys 1 5:32 3 2 1:40 Cowboys 14-yard field goal by Mike Clark 0 3 2 14:52 8 58 3:12 Cowboys 30-yard field goal by Mike Clark 0 6 2 14:10 3 75 0:42 Colts John Mackey 75-yard touchdown reception from Johnny Unitas, Jim O'Brien kick blocked 6 6 2 7:53 3 28 1:07 Cowboys Duane Thomas 7-yard touchdown reception from Craig Morton, Mike Clark kick good 6 13 4 7:35 2 3 0:35 Colts Tom Nowatzke 2-yard touchdown run, Jim O'Brien kick good 13 13 4 0:05 2 3 0:52 Colts 32-yard field goal by Jim O'Brien 16 13 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 16 13

Final statistics

Sources:The NFL's Official Encyclopedic History of Professional Football, (1973), p. 149, Macmillan Publishing Co. New York, NY, LCCN 73-3862, NFL.com Super Bowl V

Statistical comparison

	Baltimore Colts	Dallas Cowboys
First downs	14	10
First downs rushing	4	4
First downs passing	6	5
First downs penalty	4	1
Third down efficiency	3/11	1/13
Fourth down efficiency	0/1	0/0
Net yards rushing	69	102
Rushing attempts	31	31
Yards per rush	2.2	3.3
Passing – Completions/attempts	11/25	12/26
Times sacked-total yards	0–0	2–14
Interceptions thrown	3	3
Net yards passing	260	113
Total net yards	329	215
Punt returns-total yards	5-12	3-9
Kickoff returns-total yards	4-90	3-34
Interceptions-total return yards	3–57	3–22
Punts-average yardage	4–41.5	9–41.9
Fumbles-lost	5–4	1–1
Penalties-total yards	4–31	10–133
Time of possession	28:37	31:23
Turnovers	7	4

Individual leaders

Colts Passing
	C/ATT1	Yds	TD	INT
John Unitas	3/9	88	1	2
Earl Morrall	7/15	147	0	1
Sam Havrilak	1/1	25	0	0
Colts Rushing
	Car2	Yds	TD	LG3
Tom Nowatzke	10	33	1	9
Norm Bulaich	18	28	0	8
John Unitas	1	4	0	4
Sam Havrilak	1	3	0	3
Earl Morrall	1	1	0	1
Colts Receiving
	Rec4	Yds	TD	LG3
Roy Jefferson	3	52	0	23
John Mackey	2	80	1	75
Ed Hinton	2	51	0	26
Sam Havrilak	2	27	0	25
Tom Nowatzke	1	45	0	45
Norm Bulaich	1	5	0	5

Cowboys Passing
	C/ATT1	Yds	TD	INT
Craig Morton	12/26	127	1	3
Cowboys Rushing
	Car2	Yds	TD	LG3
Walt Garrison	12	65	0	19
Duane Thomas	18	35	0	7
Craig Morton	1	2	0	2
Cowboys Receiving
	Rec4	Yds	TD	LG3
Dan Reeves	5	46	0	17
Duane Thomas	4	21	1	7
Walt Garrison	2	19	0	14
Bob Hayes	1	41	0	41

¹Completions/attempts ²Carries ³Long gain ⁴Receptions

Starting lineups

Source:

Hall of Fame ‡

Baltimore	Position	Dallas
Offense
Eddie Hinton	WR	Bob Hayes ‡
Bob Vogel	LT	Ralph Neely
Glenn Ressler	LG	John Niland
Bill Curry	C	Dave Manders
John Williams	RG	Blaine Nye
Dan Sullivan	RT	Rayfield Wright‡
John Mackey‡	TE	Pettis Norman
Roy Jefferson	WR	Reggie Rucker
Johnny Unitas‡	QB	Craig Morton
Norm Bulaich	RB	Duane Thomas
Tom Nowatzke	RB	Walt Garrison
Defense
Bubba Smith	LE	Larry Cole
Billy Ray Smith	LT	Jethro Pugh
Fred Miller	RT	Bob Lilly‡
Roy Hilton	RE	George Andrie
Ray May	LLB	Dave Edwards
Mike Curtis	MLB	Lee Roy Jordan
Ted Hendricks‡	RLB	Chuck Howley
Charlie Stukes	LCB	Herb Adderley‡
Jim Duncan	RCB	Mel Renfro‡
Jerry Logan	LS	Cornell Green
Rick Volk	RS	Charlie Waters

Officials

• Referee: Norm Schachter #56 second Super Bowl (I)
• Umpire: Paul Trepinski #22 first Super Bowl
• Head Linesman: Ed Marion #26 first Super Bowl
• Line Judge: Jack Fette #39 first Super Bowl
• Back Judge: Hugh Gamber #70 first Super Bowl
• Field Judge: Fritz Graf #34 first Super Bowl
• Alternate Referee: Jack Reader #42 worked Super Bowls I and III as a Back Judge
• Alternate Umpire: Pat Harder #88 never had an on-field assignment in a Super Bowl. Alternate Umpire for Super Bowl XVI

Note: A seven-official system was not used until 1978, also Back Judge and Field would swap titles in 1998.

References

• Super Bowl official website
• http://www.pro-football-reference.com – Large online database of NFL data and statistics
• Super Bowl play-by-plays from USA Today (Last accessed September 28, 2005)
• All-Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network (Last accessed October 16, 2005)