Supermarine Type 322

Type 322 (S.24/37)
300px
R1820
Role	Naval torpedo dive bomber/reconnaissance
Manufacturer	Supermarine
First flight	6 February 1943
Number built	2

The Supermarine Type 322 was a British carrier-borne torpedo, dive bomber and reconnaissance aircraft of the Second World War. A single-engined monoplane, it was unsuccessful, with only two prototypes being built.

Design and development

The Type 322 was designed by Supermarine to meet a 1937 requirement (Specification S.24/37) for a replacement for the British Royal Navy's Fairey Albacore biplane (even though the Albacore was yet to fly, with orders placed both with Supermarine, and with Fairey Aviation for what became the Barracuda. Supermarine's design was a high-wing monoplane, originally intended to be powered by the Rolls-Royce Exe engine, which unusually, featured a variable-incidence wing, first demonstrated on the French Paul Scmitt biplane at the Paris Airshow in 1913.

Variable incidence allowed the fuselage to be kept at the optimum angle for good visibility whilst maintaining lift – particularly useful for a carrier-borne aircraft and with tail-wheel undercarriage. The incidence could be varied between 2 degrees when the flap setting was neutral, to 16 degrees when the flaps were lowered to 60 degrees. The lift coefficient with the wing at this setting was 3.9 (double that of conventional and contemporary aircraft), giving a stalling speed of 57 knots. Since it was intended for carrier use, the wing also folded – a remarkable technical achievement in view of the small increase in structural weight involved. The undercarriage was a fixed tailwheel type to save complexity. It would have been very challenging to retract the landing gear into the wings. It was primarily of wooden construction, in common with the Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle bomber since, when it was being built, there was a danger of light alloy being in short supply. The Exe was cancelled in 1938, and the Rolls-Royce Merlin was substituted in the design.

Operational history

Two Type 322s, which got the nickname "Dumbo", were built. Originally due for completion in early 1941, the project was delayed owing to the high priority then in force for the production of Spitfires. The first prototype (R1810) flew on 6 February 1943, followed by the second prototype (R1815) with the Merlin 32 in place of the Merlin 30, a four-blade rotol constant speed airscrew, a tail of greater area and alclad covered outer wings. By this time, however, Fairey's competing design had entered service as the Fairey Barracuda, and the two Type 322s were used as experimental aircraft. A developed version was planned as the Supermarine type 380. It was also intended that this wing technology was to the incorporated in a replacement for the Sea Otter – variable incidence benefiting seaplanes where the optimum angle of the floats can be maintained during takeoff and landing.

Postwar, R1815 was retained by the company and was used in 1946 for chase in the low-speed handling trials of the Supermarine Attacker.

Specifications (S.24/37)

Data from Supermarine Aircraft since 1914

General characteristics

• Crew: 3
• Length: 40 ft (12.20 m)
• Wingspan: 50 ft (15.24 m)
• Height: 14 ft, 2 in (4.32 m)
• Wing area: 319.5 sq ft (29.7 m²)
• Empty weight: 9,175 lb (4,170 kg)
• Loaded weight: 12,000 lb (5,454 kg)
• Powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Merlin 30 (Rolls-Royce Merlin 32) V-12 inline piston engine, 1,300 hp at 3000rpm (1,600 hp at 3,000 rpm) at sea level (970 kW)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 279 mph (243 kn, 449 km/h)
• Stall speed: 58 m.p.h. (92.8 km./hr) ()
• Range: 825 mi (717 nmi, 1,370 km)
• Wing loading: wing 37.5.lb/sq ft. ()

Armament

• Guns: 1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine gun in wing, 1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K machine gun or Browning in rear cockpit
• Bombs: 1 × 18 in (457 mm) torpedo (1,500 lb) or 6 × 250 lb (113 kg) bombs.

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Fairey Barracuda

References

Bibliography

• Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan. Supermarine Aircraft since 1914. London: Putnam, 1987. ISBN 0-85177-800-3.
• Brown, Capt. Eric. Wings of the Weird & Wonderful. London: Airlife, 1985, pp. 120–127. ISBN 0-906393-44-2.
• Chorlton, Martyn. Supermarine: Company Profile 1913–1963. Cudham, Kent, UK: Kelsey Publishing Group (Aeroplane), 2012. ISBN 978-1-907426-46-9.
• Mason Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam, 1994. ISBN 0-85177-861-5.
• Thetford, Owen. Aircraft of the Fighting Powers, Vol. VII. Hertfordshire, UK: Argus Books Limited, 1946 (Facsimile Edition 1979. Rochester: Staples Printers (Stanhope Press), pp. 31–32. ISBN 0-85242-621-6.)

External links

• British aircraft of World War 2, accessed 25 July 2007
• Flight Magazine photographic archive April 25th 1946 page 412, accessed 29 January 2010
• "Variable Incidence" a 1946 Flight article