Svetlana Alexievich

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In this article, the family name is Alexandrovna.
Svetlana Alexievich
Swetlana Alexijewitsch 2013.jpg
Alexievich in 2013
Native name Святлана Аляксандраўна Алексіевіч
Born Svetlana Alexandrovna Alexievich
(1948-05-31) 31 May 1948 (age 75)
Stanislav, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
(now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine)
Occupation Journalist, oral historian
Language Russian
Citizenship Belarus
Alma mater Belarusian State University
Notable awards Nobel Prize in Literature (2015)
Order of the Badge of Honour (1984)
Order of the Arts and Letters (2014)
Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels (2013)
Prix Médicis (2013)
Belarusian Democratic Republic 100th Jubilee Medal (2018)
Signature File:Svetlana Alexijevich Autograph.jpg
Website
alexievich.info/indexEN.html

Svetlana Alexandrovna Alexievich[1] (born 31 May 1948) is a Belarusian investigative journalist, essayist and oral historian who writes in Russian. She was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Literature "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time".[2][3][4][5] She is the first writer from Belarus to receive the award.[6][7]

Background

Born in the west Ukrainian town of Stanislav (Ivano-Frankivsk since 1962) to a Belarusian father and a Ukrainian mother,[8] Svetlana Alexievich grew up in Belarus. After graduating from high school she worked as a reporter in several local newspapers. In 1972 she graduated from Belarusian State University and became a correspondent for the literary magazine Nyoman in Minsk (1976).[9]

File:FM-2019-1-3-6-194 Niggl-Radloff-B-Portrait-Villa-Waldberta-ONLINE.jpg
Alexievich as artist in residence at Bavarian Villa Waldberta in the 1990s

In a 2015 interview, she mentioned early influences: "I explored the world through people like Hanna Krall and Ryszard Kapuściński."[10] During her career in journalism, Alexievich specialized in crafting narratives based on witness testimonies. In the process, she wrote artfully constructed oral histories[11] of several dramatic events in Soviet history: the Second World War,[12] Afghan War,[13] dissolution of the Soviet Union,[12] and the Chernobyl disaster.[12][14]

In 1989 Alexievich's book Zinky Boys, about the fallen soldiers who had returned in zinc coffins from the Soviet-Afghan War of 1979 – 1985, was the subject of controversy, and she was accused of "defamation" and "desecration of the soldiers’ honor". Alexievich was tried a number of times between 1992 and 1996. After political persecution by the Lukashenko administration,[15] she left Belarus in 2000.[16] The International Cities of Refuge Network offered her sanctuary, and during the following decade she lived in Paris, Gothenburg and Berlin. In 2011, Alexievich moved back to Minsk.[17][18]

Influences and legacy

Alexievich's books trace the emotional history of the Soviet and post-Soviet individual through carefully constructed collages of interviews.[19] According to Russian writer and critic Dmitry Bykov, her books owe much to the ideas of Belarusian writer Ales Adamovich, who felt that the best way to describe the horrors of the 20th century was not by creating fiction but through recording the testimonies of witnesses.[20] Belarusian poet Uladzimir Nyaklyayew called Adamovich "her literary godfather". He also named the documentary novel I'm From Fire Village (Belarusian: Я з вогненнай вёскі) by Ales Adamovich, Janka Bryl and Uladzimir Kalesnik, about the villages burned by the German troops during the occupation of Belarus, as the main single book that has influenced Alexievich's attitude to literature.[21] Alexievich has confirmed the influence of Adamovich and Belarusian writer Vasil Bykaŭ, among others.[22] She regards Varlam Shalamov as the best writer of the 20th century.[23]

Her most notable works in English translation include a collection of first-hand accounts from the war in Afghanistan (Zinky Boys: Soviet Voices from a Forgotten War)[24] and an oral history of the Chernobyl disaster (Chernobyl Prayer / Voices from Chernobyl).[25] Alexievich describes the theme of her works this way:

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If you look back at the whole of our history, both Soviet and post-Soviet, it is a huge common grave and a blood bath. An eternal dialog of the executioners and the victims. The accursed Russian questions: what is to be done and who is to blame. The revolution, the gulags, the Second World War, the Soviet–Afghan war hidden from the people, the downfall of the great empire, the downfall of the giant socialist land, the land-utopia, and now a challenge of cosmic dimensions – Chernobyl. This is a challenge for all the living things on earth. Such is our history. And this is the theme of my books, this is my path, my circles of hell, from man to man.[26]

Works

Her first book, War's Unwomanly Face, came out in 1985. It was repeatedly reprinted and sold more than two million copies.[24] The book was finished in 1983 and published (in short edition) in Oktyabr, a Soviet monthly literary magazine, in February 1984.[27] In 1985, the book was published by several publishers, and the number of printed copies reached 2,000,000 in the next five years.[28] This novel is made up of monologues of women in the war speaking about the aspects of World War II that had never been related before.[24]

Australian writer John Hughes admitted to copying large sections of the book into his award winning novel The Dogs. Alexievich resonded by saying Hughes’ actions were outrageous and her translators have said that Hughes’ actions were “quite extraordinary”. The translators for the English version of the book said “Such things don’t happen by coincidence: not with such specific words, sequences, voicing,” they said. “This should certainly be brought to the attention of the judges of the [Miles Franklin literary award] and of the public.”[29]

Another book, The Last Witnesses: the Book of Unchildlike Stories, describes personal memories of children during wartime. The war seen through women's and children's eyes revealed a new world of feelings.[30]

In 1992, Alexievich published "Boys in Zinc". The course of the Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) is told through emotive personal testimony from unnamed participants of the war; from nurses, to commissioned officers and pilots, mothers and widows. Each provides an excerpt of the Soviet-Afghan War which was disguised in the face of criticism first as political support, then intervention, and finally humanitarian aid to the Afghan people. Alexievich writes at the beginning of the book:

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After the great wars of the twentieth century and the mass deaths, writing about the modern (small) wars, like the war in Afghanistan, requires different ethical and metaphysical stances. What must be reclaimed is the small, the personal, and the specific. The single human being. The only human being for someone, not as the state regards him, but who he is for his mother, for his wife, for his child. How can we recover a normal vision of life?[31]

Alexievich was not embedded with the Red Army due to her reputation in the Soviet Union; instead, she travelled to Kabul on her own prerogative during the war, and gathered many accounts from veterans returned from Afghanistan. In "Boys in Zinc", Alexievich calls herself 'a historian of the untraceable' and 'strive[s] desperately (from book to book) to do one thing - reduce history to the human being.'[32] She brings brutally honest accounts of the war to lay at the feet of the Soviet people, but claims no heroism for herself: 'I went [to watch them assemble pieces of boys blown up by an anti-tank mine] and there was nothing heroic about it, because I fainted there. Perhaps it was from the heat, perhaps from the shock. I want to be honest.'[33] The monologues which make up the book are honest (if edited for clarity) reproductions of the oral histories Alexievich collected, including those who perhaps did not understand her purpose: 'What's your book for? Who's it for? None of us who came back from there will like it anyway. How can you possibly tell people how it was? The dead camels and dead men lying in a single pool of blood, with their blood mingled together. Who wants that?'[34] Alexievich was brought to trial in Minsk between 1992 and 1996, accused of distorting and falsifying the testimony of Afghan veterans and their mothers who were 'offended [...] that their boys were portrayed exclusively as soulless killer-robots, pillagers, drug addicts and rapists...' [35] The trial, while apparently defending the honour of the army and veterans, is widely seen as an attempt to preserve old ideology in post-communist Belarus. The Belarus League for Human Rights claims that in the early 1990s multiple cases were directed against democratically inclined intelligentsia with politically motivated verdicts. [36]

In 1993, she published Enchanted with Death, a book about attempted and completed suicides due to the downfall of the Soviet Union. Many people felt inseparable from the Communist ideology and unable to accept the new order surely and the newly interpreted history.[37]

Her books were not published by Belarusian state-owned publishing houses after 1993, while private publishers in Belarus have only published two of her books: Chernobyl Prayer in 1999 and Second-hand Time in 2013, both translated into Belarusian.[38] As a result, Alexievich has been better known in the rest of world than in Belarus.[39]

She has been described as the first journalist to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.[40] She herself rejects the notion that she is a journalist, and, in fact, Alexievich’s chosen genre is sometimes called "documentary literature": an artistic rendering of real events, with a degree of poetic license.[11] In her own words:

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I’ve been searching for a literary method that would allow the closest possible approximation to real life. Reality has always attracted me like a magnet, it tortured and hypnotized me, I wanted to capture it on paper. So I immediately appropriated this genre of actual human voices and confessions, witness evidences and documents. This is how I hear and see the world – as a chorus of individual voices and a collage of everyday details. This is how my eye and ear function. In this way all my mental and emotional potential is realized to the full. In this way I can be simultaneously a writer, reporter, sociologist, psychologist and preacher.

On 26 October 2019, Alexievich was elected chairman of the Belarusian PEN Center.[41]

Political activism

During the 2020 Belarusian protests Alexievich became a member of the Coordination Council of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya.[42]

On 20 August, Alexander Konyuk, the Prosecutor-General of Belarus, initiated criminal proceedings against the members of the Coordination Council under Article 361 of the Belarusian Criminal Code, on the grounds of attempting to seize state power and harming national security.[43][44]

On 26 August, Alexievich was questioned by Belarusian authorities about her involvement in the council.[45]

On 9 September 2020, Alexievich alerted the press that "men in black masks" were trying to enter her apartment in central Minsk. "I have no friends and companions left in the Coordinating Council. All are in prison or have been forcibly sent into exile," she wrote in a statement. "First they kidnapped the country; now it's the turn of the best among us. But hundreds more will replace those who have been torn from our ranks. It is not the Coordinating Council that has rebelled. It is the country."[46] Diplomats from Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia, and Sweden began to keep a round-the-clock watch on Alexievich's home to prevent her abduction by security services.[47][48]

On 28 September 2020, Alexievich left Belarus for Germany, promising to return depending on political conditions in Belarus. Prior to her departure, she was the last member of the Coordination Council who was not in exile or under arrest.[49]

In August 2021, her book The Last Witnesses was excluded from the school curriculum in Belarus and her name was removed from the curriculum.[50][51] It was assumed that the exclusion was made for her political activity.[52]

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, she commented that "providing a territory for an aggressor country is nothing but complicity in a crime" in relation to Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[53]

Awards and honours

Alexievich has received many awards, including:

Alexievich is a member of the advisory committee of the Lettre Ulysses Award. She will give the inaugural Anna Politkovskaya Memorial Lecture at the British Library on 9 October 2019.[73] The lecture is an international platform to amplify the voices of women journalists and human rights defenders working in war and conflict zones.

Publications

  • У войны не женское лицо (U voyny ne zhenskoe litso, War Does Not Have a Woman's Face), Minsk: Mastatskaya litaratura, 1985.
    • (English) The Unwomanly Face of War, (extracts), from Always a Woman: Stories by Soviet Women Writers, Raduga Publishers, 1987.
    • (English) War’s Unwomanly Face, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1988, ISBN 5-01-000494-1.
    • (Hungarian) A háború nem asszonyi dolog. Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó, 1988. ISBN 963-326914-8.
    • (Finnish) Sodalla ei ole naisen kasvoja. Helsinki: Progress: SN-kirjat, 1988. Translated by Robert Kolomainen. ISBN 951-615-655-X. New edition: Keltainen kirjasto. Tammi, 2017. ISBN 978-951-31-9269-3.
    • (English) The Unwomanly Face of War: An Oral History of Women in World War II, Random House, 2017, ISBN 978-0399588723.
    • (German) Der Krieg hat kein weibliches Gesicht. Henschel, Berlin 1987, ISBN 978-3-362-00159-5.
    • (German) New, expanded edition; übersetzt von Ganna-Maria Braungardt. Hanser Berlin, München 2013, ISBN 978-3-446-24525-9.
    • (Korean) 전쟁은 여자의 얼굴을 하지 않았다 문학동네, Seoul, South Korea 2015, ISBN 9788954637954.
    • (Portuguese) A Guerra não Tem Rosto de Mulher. Elsinore, 2016. ISBN 9789898843579.
    • (Georgian) ომს არ აქვს ქალის სახე. თბილისი: ინტელექტი, 2017. ISBN 9789941470356.[74]
    • (Turkish) Kadın Yok Savaşın Yüzünde. Kafka Yayınevi, 2016. Translated by Günay Çetao Kızılırmak. ISBN 978-605-4820-39-9.
    • (Hungarian) Nők a tűzvonalban. New, expanded edition. Helikon, 2016. ISBN 978-963-2277-57-8.
  • Последние свидетели: сто недетских колыбельных (Poslednie svideteli: sto nedetskikh kolybelnykh, The Last Witnesses: A Hundred of Unchildlike Lullabies), Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1985
    • (Russian) Последние свидетели: сто недетских колыбельных. Moscow, Palmira, 2004, ISBN 5-94957-040-5.
    • (English) Last Witnesses: An Oral History of the Children of World War II. Random House, 2019 ISBN 9780399588754, translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky.
    • (German) Die letzten Zeugen. Kinder im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Neues Leben, Berlin 1989; neu: Aufbau, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-7466-8133-2. (Originaltitel: Poslednyje swedeteli). Neubearbeitung und Aktualisierung 2008. Aus dem Russischen von Ganna-Maria Braungardt. Berlin: Hanser-Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3446246478
    • (Portuguese) As Últimas Testemunhas: Cem histórias sem infância. Elsinore, 2017. ISBN 9789898864178.
    • (Hungarian) Utolsó tanúk: gyermekként a második világháborúban. Európa, 2017. ISBN 978-963-405-534-1.
    • (Turkish) Son tanıklar - Çocukluğa Aykırı Yüz Öykü. Kafka Yayınevi, 2019. Translated by Aslı Takanay. ISBN 978-605-4820-81-8.
    • (Georgian) უკანასკნელი მოწმეები. თბილისი: არტანუჯი, 2018. ISBN 978-9941-478-19-2.[75]
  • Цинковые мальчики (Tsinkovye malchiki, Boys in Zinc), Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1991.
    • (English, US) Zinky Boys: Soviet Voices from the Afghanistan War. W W Norton 1992 (ISBN 0-393-03415-1), translated by Julia and Robin Whitby.
    • (English, UK) Boys in Zinc. Penguin Modern Classics 2016 ISBN 9780241264119, translated by Andrew Bromfield.
    • (German) Zinkjungen. Afghanistan und die Folgen. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1992, ISBN 978-3-10-000816-9.[76]
    • (German) New, expanded edition; Hanser Berlin, München 2014, ISBN 978-3-446-24528-0.
    • (Hungarian) Fiúk cinkkoporsóban. Európa, 1999. ISBN 963-07662-4-8.
    • (Portuguese) Rapazes de Zinco: A geração soviética caída na guerra do Afeganistão. Elsinore, 2017. ISBN 9789898864000.
    • (Turkish) Çinko Çocuklar. Kafka Yayınevi, 2018. Translated by Serdar Arıkan & Fatma Arıkan. ISBN 978-605-4820-64-1.
  • Зачарованные смертью (Zacharovannye Smertyu, Enchanted by Death) (Belarusian: 1993, Russian: 1994)
    • (German) Im Banne des Todes. Geschichten russischer Selbstmörder. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main, 1994, ISBN 3-10-000818-9).
    • (German) Seht mal, wie ihr lebt. Russische Schicksale nach dem Umbruch. Berlin (Aufbau, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-7466-7020-9.
    • (Japanese) '死に魅入られた人びと : ソ連崩壊と自殺者の記錄 / Svetlana Aleksievich & Taeko Matsumoto. Shi ni miirareta hitobito : Soren hōkai to jisatsusha no kiroku'. Tóquio: Gunzōsha, 2005.
    • (French) Ensorcelés par la mort." Paris: Plon, 1995. ISBN 2-259-02791-1
  • Чернобыльская молитва (Chernobylskaya molitva, Chernobyl Prayer), Moscow: Ostozhye, 1997. ISBN 5-86095-088-8.
  • Время секонд хэнд (Vremya sekond khend, Second-hand Time), Moscow: Vremia, 2013. ISBN 978-5-9691-1129-5.
    • (Belarusian) Час сэканд-хэнд (Канец чырвонага чалавека) / Святлана Алексіевіч. Перакл. з руск. Ц. Чарнякевіч, В. Стралко. — Мн.: Логвінаў, 2014. — 384 с. — (Бібліятэка Саюза беларускіх пісьменнікаў «Кнігарня пісьменніка»; выпуск 46). — ISBN 978-985-562-096-0.
    • (German) Secondhand-Zeit. Leben auf den Trümmern des Sozialismus. Hanser Berlin, München 2013, ISBN 978-3-446-24150-3; als Taschenbuch: Suhrkamp, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-518-46572-1.[78]
    • (Hungarian) Elhordott múltjaink. Európa, 2015. ISBN 978-963-405-218-0.
    • (English, US) Secondhand Time: The Last of the Soviets. Random House 2016 (ISBN 978-0399588808), translated by Bela Shayevich.
    • (Portuguese) O Fim do Homem Soviético. Elsinore, 2017, ISBN 978-972-0-04740-3.
    • (Brazilian Portuguese) O Fim do Homem Soviético. Companhia das Letras, 2016, ISBN 978-8535928266.
    • (Polish) Czasy secondhand. Koniec czerwonego człowieka. Czarne 2014 ISBN 978-83-7536-850-5, translated by Jerzy Czech
    • (Turkish) İkinci El Zaman - Kızıl İnsanın Sonu. Kafka Yayınevi, 2016. Translated by Sabri Gürses. ISBN 978-605-4820-38-2.
    • (Georgian) სექენდ ჰენდის დრო. თბილისი: არტანუჯი, 2017. ISBN 978-9941-463-47-1.[79]
    • (Finnish) Neuvostoihmisen loppu. Kun nykyhetkestä tuli second handia. Helsinki: Tammi, 2018. Translated by Vappu Orlov. ISBN 978-951-31-9878-7.

References

  1. ↑ Her name is also transliterated as Aleksievich or Aleksiyevich. Belarusian: Святла́на Алякса́ндраўна Алексіе́віч Svyatlana Alaksandrawna Aleksiyevich Belarusian pronunciation: [alʲɛksʲiˈjɛvʲit͡ʂ]; Russian: Светла́на Алекса́ндровна Алексие́вич Russian pronunciation: [ɐlʲɪksʲɪˈjevʲɪt͡ɕ]; Ukrainian: Світлана Олександрівна Алексієвич.
  2. ↑ Blissett, Chelly. "Author Svetlana Aleksievich nominated for 2014 Nobel Prize Archived 2015-01-07 at the Wayback Machine". Yekaterinburg News. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Svetlana Alexievich wins Nobel Literature prize Archived 2018-06-21 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News (8 October 2015).
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Brief biography of Svetlana Alexievich (Russian) Archived 2014-09-18 at the Wayback Machine, from Who is who in Belarus
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Biography of Aleksievich Archived 2015-10-11 at the Wayback Machine at Lannan Foundation website
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Original quote: "Калі ўся руская літаратура выйшла, як сцвярджаў Дастаеўскі, з «Шыняля» Гогаля, то ўся творчасць Алексіевіч – з дакументальнай кнігі Алеся Адамовіча, Янкі Брыля і Уладзіміра Калесніка «Я з вогненнай вёскі». Адамовіч — яе літаратурны хросны". Rough translation: "If the entire Russian literature came, as Dostoyevsky stated, from the Gogol's Overcoat, then the entire writings of Alexievich came from the documentary book of Ales Adamovich, Yanka Bryl and Uladzimir Kalesnik I'm from the flamy village. Adamovich is her literary godfather".
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ С. Алексиевич. У войны — не женское лицо. Октябрь, 1984(2). (S. Alexievich. War's Unwomanly Face. Oktyabr, 1984(2).)
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Quote: "Первая книга — «У войны не женское лицо» — была готова в 1983 и пролежала в издательстве два года. Автора обвиняли в пацифизме, натурализме и развенчании героического образа советской женщины. «Перестройка» дала благотворный толчок."
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Alexievich, "Boys in Zinc" p.19
  32. ↑ Alexievich, "Boys in Zinc" p.18
  33. ↑ Alexievich, "Boys in Zinc", p. 20
  34. ↑ Alexievich, "Boys in Zinc" p.30
  35. ↑ Griegoriev. "Vecherny Minsk", 2 June 1992
  36. ↑ The Belarus League for Human Rights cited in the Epilogue of "Boys in Zinc"
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Quote: "Но она известно гораздо больше за пределами Белоруссии, чем в Белоруссии. Она уважаемый европейский писатель".
  40. ↑ Svetlana Alexievich wins Nobel Literature prize Archived 2018-06-21 at the Wayback Machine, by BBC
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 55.6 55.7 55.8 Сергей Чупринин: Русская литература сегодня: Зарубежье. М.: Время, 2008 г. ISBN 978-5-9691-0292-7
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  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Мэдаль да 100-годзьдзя БНР уручаны С. Шушкевічу, С. Алексіевіч, Ул. Арлову, Р. Гарэцкаму, С. Антончыку Archived 2019-06-23 at the Wayback Machine [BDR 100th Jubilee Medal Awarded to S. Shushkevich, S. Alexievich, Ul. Arlou, R. Haretski, S. Antonchyk] - Official website of the Rada BNR, 16 June 2019
  69. ↑ Алексіевіч, Антончык, Арлоў, Гарэцкі, Шушкевіч узнагароджаныя мэдалём «100 гадоў БНР» Archived 2019-06-23 at the Wayback Machine [Alexievich, Antonchyk, Arlou, Haretski, Shushkevich Awarded with the BDR Centenary Medal] - Radio Svaboda, 18 June 2019
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ spiegel.de 1992: Auszug Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ Eine Stimme der Sprachlosen. Archived 2013-06-22 at the Wayback Machine dradio.de, 20. Juni 2013, abgerufen am 20. Juni 2013
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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