Template:Infobox germanium

Germanium,  ₃₂Ge

A 12 gram (2×3 cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces
General properties
Name, symbol	germanium, Ge
Appearance	grayish-white
Pronunciation	/dʒərˈmeɪniəm/ jər-MAY-nee-əm
Germanium in the periodic table
Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn gallium ← germanium → arsenic
Atomic number (Z)	32
Group, block	group 14 (carbon group), p-block
Period	period 4
Element category	metalloid
Standard atomic weight (±) (Ar)	72.630(8)
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
per shell	2, 8, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Melting point	1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
Boiling point	3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density near r.t.	5.323 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	23.222 J/(mol·K)
vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.01
Ionization energies	1st: 762 kJ/mol 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius	122 pm
Van der Waals radius	211 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​face-centered diamond-cubic
Speed of sound thin rod	5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	6.0 µm/(m·K)
Thermal conductivity	60.2 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	1 Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Band gap	0.67 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Young's modulus	103 GPa
Shear modulus	41 GPa
Bulk modulus	75 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.26
Mohs hardness	6.0
CAS Number	7440-56-4
History
Naming	after Germany, homeland of the discoverer
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery	Clemens Winkler (1886)
Most stable isotopes of germanium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 68Ge syn 270.8 d ε – 68Ga 70Ge 21.23% 70Ge is stable with 38 neutrons 71Ge syn 11.26 d ε – 71Ga 72Ge 27.66% 72Ge is stable with 40 neutrons 73Ge 7.73% 73Ge is stable with 41 neutrons 74Ge 35.94% 74Ge is stable with 42 neutrons 76Ge 7.44% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 2.039 76Se

References

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