Template:Infobox gold

Gold,  ₇₉Au

General properties
Name, symbol	gold, Au
Appearance	metallic yellow
Pronunciation	/ˈɡoʊld/ GOHLD
Gold in the periodic table
Ag ↑ Au ↓ Rg platinum ← gold → mercury
Atomic number (Z)	79
Group, block	group 11, d-block
Period	period 6
Element category	transition metal
Standard atomic weight (±) (Ar)	196.966569(5)
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Melting point	1337.33 K ​(1064.18 °C, ​1947.52 °F)
Boiling point	3243 K ​(2970 °C, ​5378 °F)
Density near r.t.	19.30 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	17.31 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	12.55 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	342 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.418 J/(mol·K)
vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1646 1814 2021 2281 2620 3078
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	5, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.54
Ionization energies	1st: 890.1 kJ/mol 2nd: 1980 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 144 pm
Covalent radius	136±6 pm
Van der Waals radius	166 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​face-centered cubic (fcc)
Speed of sound thin rod	2030 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion	14.2 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	318 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	22.14 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Tensile strength	120 MPa
Young's modulus	79 GPa
Shear modulus	27 GPa
Bulk modulus	180 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.4
Mohs hardness	2.5
Vickers hardness	188–216 MPa
Brinell hardness	188–245 MPa
CAS Number	7440-57-5
History
Naming	from Latin aurum, meaning gold
Discovery	In the Middle East (before 6000 BC)
Most stable isotopes of gold
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 195Au syn 186.10 d ε 0.227 195Pt 196Au syn 6.183 d ε 1.506 196Pt β− 0.686 196Hg 197Au 100% – (α) 0.9545 193Ir 198Au syn 2.69517 d β− 1.372 198Hg 199Au syn 3.169 d β− 0.453 199Hg
Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed

References

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