Template:Infobox lead

Lead,  ₈₂Pb

General properties
Name, symbol	lead, Pb
Appearance	metallic gray
Pronunciation	/ˈlɛd/ LED
Lead in the periodic table
Sn ↑ Pb ↓ Fl thallium ← lead → bismuth
Atomic number (Z)	82
Group, block	group 14 (carbon group), p-block
Period	period 6
Element category	post-transition metal
Standard atomic weight (±) (Ar)	207.2(1)
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Melting point	600.61 K ​(327.46 °C, ​621.43 °F)
Boiling point	2022 K ​(1749 °C, ​3180 °F)
Density near r.t.	11.34 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	10.66 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	4.77 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	179.5 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.650 J/(mol·K)
vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 978 1088 1229 1412 1660 2027
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.87
Ionization energies	1st: 715.6 kJ/mol 2nd: 1450.5 kJ/mol 3rd: 3081.5 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 175 pm
Covalent radius	146±5 pm
Van der Waals radius	202 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​face-centered cubic (fcc)
Speed of sound thin rod	1190 m/s (at r.t.) (annealed)
Thermal expansion	28.9 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	35.3 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	208 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Young's modulus	16 GPa
Shear modulus	5.6 GPa
Bulk modulus	46 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.44
Mohs hardness	1.5
Brinell hardness	38–50 MPa
CAS Number	7439-92-1
History
Discovery	Middle Easterns (7000 BC)
Most stable isotopes of lead
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 204Pb 1.4% >1.4×1017 y (α) 1.972 200Hg 205Pb syn 1.53×107 y ε 0.051 205Tl 206Pb 24.1% – (α) 1.1366 202Hg 207Pb 22.1% – (α) 0.3915 203Hg 208Pb 52.4% >2×1019 y (α) 0.5188 204Hg 210Pb trace 22.3 y α 3.792 206Hg β− 0.064 210Bi
Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed

References

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