The Lion Sleeps Tonight

"The Lion Sleeps Tonight"
	File:The Lion Sleeps Tonight by Tight Fit.jpg The Lion Sleeps Tonight
Single by Tight Fit
from the album Tight Fit
Released	January 1982
Genre	Pop
Length	3:18
Label	Jive
Writer(s)	Hugo Peretti; Luigi Creatore; George David Weiss; Albert Stanton; Solomon Linda
Producer(s)	Tim Friese-Greene
Certification	Gold
Tight Fit singles chronology

"The Lion Sleeps Tonight"
	File:The Lion Sleeps Tonight by The Tokens single cover.jpg
Single by The Tokens
from the album The Lion Sleeps Tonight
A-side	"Tina"
Released	November 1961
Genre	Rhythm and blues, doo-wop, world
Length	2:41
Label	RCA
Writer(s)	Solomon Linda; Hugo Peretti; Luigi Creatore; George David Weiss; Albert Stanton
Certification	Gold (RIAA)
Audio sample
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"The Lion Sleeps Tonight", also known as "Wimoweh", "Wimba Way" or "Awimbawe", is a song written and recorded originally by Solomon Linda with the Evening Birds^[1] for the South African Gallo Record Company in 1939, under the title "Mbube". Composed in Zulu, it was adapted and covered internationally by many 1950s pop and folk revival artists, including the Weavers, Jimmy Dorsey, Yma Sumac, Miriam Makeba and the Kingston Trio. In 1961, it became a number one hit in the United States as adapted in English with the best-known version by the doo-wop group the Tokens. It went on to earn at least US$15 million in royalties from cover versions and film licensing.

History

"Mbube" (Zulu: lion) was written in the 1920s, by Solomon Linda, a South African singer of Zulu origin, who later worked for the Gallo Record Company in Johannesburg as a cleaner and record packer. He spent his weekends performing with the Evening Birds, a musical ensemble, and it was at Gallo Records, under the direction of black producer Griffiths Motsieloa, that Linda and his fellow musicians recorded several songs including "Mbube," which incorporated a call-response pattern common among many Sub-Saharan African ethnic groups, including the Zulu.

According to journalist Rian Malan:

"Mbube" wasn't the most remarkable tune, but there was something compelling about the underlying chant, a dense meshing of low male voices above which Solomon yodelled and howled for two exhilarating minutes, improvising occasionally. The third take was the best, achieving immortality when Solly took a deep breath, opened his mouth, and improvised the melody that the world now associates with these words:

In the jungle, the mighty jungle, the lion sleeps tonight.^[1]

Issued by Gallo as a 78 recording in 1939,^[2] and marketed to black audiences, "Mbube" became a hit and Linda a star throughout South Africa. By 1948, the song had sold over 100,000 copies in Africa and among black South African immigrants in Great Britain. Linda also lent its name to a style of African a cappella music that evolved into isicathamiya (also called mbube), popularized by Ladysmith Black Mambazo.^[3]

In 1961, two RCA records producers, Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore, hired Juilliard-trained musician and lyricist George David Weiss to arrange a pop music cover of "Wimoweh", for the B-side of a 45-rpm single called "Tina," sung by the teenage doo-wop group The Tokens. Weiss wrote the English lyrics: "In the jungle, the mighty jungle, The lion sleeps tonight..." and "Hush, my darling, don't fear, my darling..."

Weiss also brought in soprano Anita Darian to reprise Yma Sumac's Exotica version, before, during and after the saxophone solo.^[4] "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" was issued by RCA in 1961, and it rocketed to number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Weiss' Abilene Music Inc., was the publisher of this arrangement, and listed "Albert Stanton" (a pseudonym for Al Brackman, the business partner of Pete Seeger's music publisher, Howie Richmond), as one of the song's writers or arrangers.

Copyright issues

Social historian Ronald D. Cohen writes, "Howie Richmond copyrighted many songs originally in the public domain [sic] but now slightly revised to satisfy Decca and also to reap profits."^[5] Canadian writer Mark Steyn, on the other hand, attributes the invention of the pseudonym "Paul Campbell" to Pete Seeger. Howie Richmond's claim of author's copyright could secure both the songwriter's royalties and his company's publishing share of the song's earnings.^[1]

Although Linda was listed as a performer on the record itself, the Weavers thought he had recorded a traditional Zulu song. Their managers, publisher, and their attorneys knew otherwise because they had been contacted by—and had reached an agreement with—Eric Gallo of Gallo Records in South Africa. The Americans maintained, however, that South African copyrights were not valid because South Africa was not a signatory to U.S. copyright law.^[1] In the 1950s, after Linda's authorship was made clear, Seeger sent Linda $1000. Seeger also instructed TRO/Folkways to henceforth pay his share of authors' earnings to Linda. The folksinger apparently trusted his publisher's word of honor and either saw no need, or was unable to make sure these instructions were carried out.^[1]

In 2000, South African journalist Rian Malan wrote a feature article for Rolling Stone magazine in which he recounted Linda's story and estimated that the song had earned $15 million for its use in the Disney movie The Lion King alone. The piece prompted filmmaker François Verster to create the Emmy-winning documentary A Lion's Trail that told Linda's story while incidentally exposing the workings of the multi-million dollar corporate music publishing industry.^[6]

In July 2004, as a result of the publicity generated by Malan's article and the subsequent documentary, the song became the subject of a lawsuit between Linda's estate and Disney, claiming that Disney owed $1.6 million in royalties for the use of "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" in the film and musical stage productions of The Lion King.^[7] At the same time, the Richmond Organization began to pay $3,000 annually into Linda's estate. In February 2006, Linda's descendants reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music Publishers, who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney, to place the earnings of the song in a trust.^[8]^[9]

Selected list of recorded versions

The song has been recorded by numerous artists, and is a standard that has become a part of popular culture.

"Mbube"

1939 Solomon Linda and the Evening Birds^[10]
1951 In the first film adaptation of Cry, the Beloved Country
1960 Miriam Makeba, on Miriam Makeba
1988 Ladysmith Black Mambazo, as "Mbube", during opening sequence of movie Coming to America (but not on the soundtrack album)
1991 The Elite Swingsters Featuring Dolly Rathebe, as "Mbube" on Woza!
1994 Ladysmith Black Mambazo, as "Mbube (The Lion Sleeps Tonight)", on Gift of the Tortoise
1996 Soweto String Quartet, as "Imbube" on Renaissance
2005 Soweto Gospel Choir, as "Imbube" on Blessed
2006 Ladysmith Black Mambazo, as "Mbube", on Long Walk to Freedom
2007 CH2 and Soweto String Quartet, as "Imbube" on Pap & Paella
2010 Angélique Kidjo, as "Mbube" on Õÿö

"Wimoweh"

1952: The Weavers: US #6
1952: Jimmy Dorsey
1952: Yma Sumac
1957: The Weavers, live.
1959: Bill Hayes (on Kapp Records)
1959: The Kingston Trio
1961: Karl Denver Trio: UK #4
1962: Bert Kaempfert on That Happy Feeling
1962: Hugh Masekela on Trumpet Africaine
1964: Chet Atkins
1971: Rumplestiltskin on Black Magician
1993: Nanci Griffith with Odetta, on Other Voices, Other Rooms
1994: Roger Whittaker, on Roger Whittaker Live!
1994: Manu Dibango and Ladysmith Black Mambazo, on Waka Afrika
1998: Pete Seeger on For Kids And Just Plain Folks
1999: Desmond Dekker on Halfway To Paradise