Timeline of malaria

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For a comprehensive treatment of the subject, see History of malaria.

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite, it is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Every year, 300 to 700 million people get infected. Malaria kills 1 million to 2 million people every year. 90% of the deaths occur in Africa.[1]

Big picture

Year/period Event
Prehistory (from Jurassic period to Paleolithic) The origin of malaria dates back to a very early time in a warm and humid Africa, being present long before the whole timeline of development of apes. However, it wouldn't infect humans until much later after the Upper Paleolithic, when sizable groups of humans facilitate the spread of the disease.[2]
Ancient history Through Ancient Egypt and Middle East, malaria spreads further and is recognized in ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. It is implied in the decline of some great civilizations. Malaria also spreads into India and China, where real treatments begin to merge.[2]
Middle Ages In Europe, witchcraft and astrology thrive around the treatment during this period.[3] Malaria is attributed to a 'bad air', hence the term mal aria (from Medieval Italian)
1600s Colonization brings malaria to the Americas.[4][5]
1800s Parasites are first identified as source of malaria. First drugs are developed.
1900s First antibiotics. Increasing scientific research leads to rapid advance of drugs and modern treatments. Successful eradications take place in this period.
1940s–1950s Eradication of malaria in Europe and North America becomes successful, mainly due to the massive use and proven effect of insecticide DDT.[6][7]
1970s–1990s Concerns about the potencial harmful side-effects of DDT provoque its ban across many countries, raising controversy and an arguably huge number of preventable deaths in the developing world.[8]
Late 1900s Multiple organizations merge and funds multiply.
2000–2015 Malaria incidence among populations at risk (the rate of new cases) falls by 37% globally.[1]

Full timeline

Year Event type Event Geographic location
150,000,000 BC Origin Probable origin of malaria during the Jurassic; at this time malaria infects reptiles.[2] Africa
8000 BC Origin Malaria starts to infect people, as the first big groups of population emerge.[2] Africa
2000–1500 BC Spread Malaria spreads out of Africa through Egypt. Sumerian and Egyptian doctors describe symptoms resembling those of malaria.[2] Middle East
1000–1500 Spread Malaria reaches northern Europe, where it is very poorly understood. At this epoch of the Middle Ages, witchcraft and astrology are used to attempt to cure malaria.[2] Europe
1600s Discovery Malaria reaches the Americas through Spanish colonization. The native population in Peru makes use of bark of the cinchona tree for treating fever.[9] After its discovery by the Spanish, the bark is brought to Europe where it comes into general use.[9][10] South America, Spain, Italy
1717 Discovery Epidemiologist Giovanni Maria Lancisi relates the prevalence of malaria in swampy areas to the presence of flies and recommends swamp drainage to prevent it.[11] Italy
1874 Discovery Othmar Zeidler is credited with the first synthesis of DDT (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane).[12] DDT is used in the second half of World War II to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops. After the war, DDT is also used as an agricultural insecticide. Strasbourg
1880 Discovery Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran observes parasites inside the red blood cells of infected people for the first time, proposing that malaria is caused by an organism. For this he receives the Nobel Prize in 1907.[13] Algeria
1881 Discovery Carlos Finlay provides strong evidence that a mosquito later designated as Aedes aegypti transmits disease to and from humans.[14] The theory remains controversial for twenty years until confirmed in 1901 by Walter Reed.[15] Cuba
1895–1898 Discovery Ronald Ross proves that malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes, and lays the foundation for the method of combating the disease. For this he receives the Nobel Prize in 1902.[13] India
1903 Organization The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene is founded. Today worldwide yet foccused on developed countries, research, health care and education are its main activities.[16] Philadelphia (serving worldwide)
1913 Organization The Rockefeller Foundation is created, and through one of its branches, the International Health Division, it starts to conduct campaigns against malaria, in addition to yellow fever, and hookworm.[17] New York
1939 Discovery Organochloride DDT's insecticidal properties are discovered by Paul Hermann Müller, who is awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.[18] In the following decades, total eradication of malaria is achieved in most of the developed world due to massive agricultural application of DDT.[6] Europe, North America
1940 Achievement Complete eradication of A. gambiae from northeast Brazil and thus from the New World is achieved by the systematic application of the arsenic-containing compound Paris green to breeding places, and of pyrethrum spray-killing to adult resting places.[19] Brazil
1948 Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) forms.[20] Geneva (operates worldwide)
1955 Organization WHO launches the Malaria Eradication Programme[19] Worldwide
1962–present Publication Rachel Carson publishes the science book Silent Spring which treates the detrimental effects on the environment by the use of pesticides. The book has a massive impact in international politics, thus provoking the ban of DDT in many countries during the following decades. Carson continues to be criticized today by some who argue that such restrictions have caused tens of millions of needless deaths.[21][22][23]
1967–1981 Organization The secret military Project 523 of the People's Republic of China is aimed at finding new drugs for malaria. Over 500 Chinese scientists are recruited. Discovery of artemisinin and derivatives,[24] also pyronardine, lumefantrine and naphthoquine. All these antimalarial drugs are used today in therapy.[25] China, Vietnam
1970 Organization Population Services International is created as a nonprofit global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV, and reproductive health. PSI provides life-saving products, clinical services and behavior change communications.[26] Washington, D.C. (operates worldwide)
1987 Scientific breakthrough Colombian biochemist Manuel Elkin Patarroyo develops the first synthetic vaccine against P. falciparum, the parasite that causes malaria.[13] Colombia
1992 Organization Malaria Foundation International (MFI) is founded as a non-profit organization dedicated to the fight against malaria. The MFI’s goals are to support awareness, education, training, research, and leadership programs to develop and apply tools to combat the disease.
1997 Organization Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM), an alliance of organizations that facilitates research on malaria, is established.[27][28] MIM has also collaborated with the Disease Control Priorities Project.
1998 Organization Malaria Research and Reference Reagent Resource Center (MR4) is launched to provide resources like malaria reagents, protocols and technical support to the international research community. It is funded by the (NIAID).[16]
2000 Organization The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is founded by Bill and Melinda Gates with the aims of enhancing healthcare and reduce extreme poverty at a global level. Today it is the largest private foundation in the world, having donated over one billion dollars on malaria alone.[29][30] Seattle (operates worldwide)
2001 Organization The Amazon Malaria Initiative is launched with the goal of preventing and controlling malaria in the Amazon basin. With support from the U.S. Agency for International Development, it has expanded into eleven countries.[16] Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Bolivia, Venezuela (ceased participation), Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.
2002 Organization The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is founded as an international financing institution dedicated to attract and fund additional resources to stop and treat those diseases.[16] Geneva
2002 Organization The African Malaria Network Trust (AMANET) is established. Its main goal is vaccine development, although it has expanded its aims, including other intervention measures such as antimalaria drugs and vector control.[16] Dar es Salaam (operates in Africa)
2003 Organization The Malaria Consortium is founded as a non-profit organization dedicated to the control of malaria.[16] London (operates in Africa and Asia)
2004 Organization Against Malaria Foundation is set up with the aim of handling money and raising funds.[16] Much of the funds raised by it are used to purchase bednets. GiveWell, an independent charity evaluator, names AMF its top-rated charity worldwide in 2011, 2012, 2014 and 2015, and recommends to donors to donate exclusively to AMF in 2015 due to its large funding gap.[31] London (operates in Africa)
2004 Organization Malaria World is founded with the aim of facilitating free and unrestricted access to information on malaria.[16]
2006 Organization Malaria No More is founded. It has partnerships and focuses in advocacy to elevate malaria on the global health agenda.[16] Seattle (operates worldwide)
2006 Organization The United Nations Foundation creates the Nothing But Nets campaign to prevent malaria deaths by purchasing, distributing, and teaching the proper use of mosquito bed nets.[32] Sub-Saharan Africa
2008 Organization The Innovative Vector Control Consortium is established as a research consortium. It focuses on the development of new insecticides for public health vector control and also information systems and tools in order to enable new and existing pesticides to be used more effectively.[16] UK, USA, South Africa
2009 Organization The African Leaders Malaria Alliance (ALMA) is founded by African Heads of State to use their individual and collective power to keep malaria high on the political and policy agenda.[16] Africa
2012 Organization The Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance (MESA) is formed to conduct research on malaria elimination.[16] Spain
2014 Organization EVIMalaR is conducted as a malaria research network. Funded by the European Commission and involving at least 62 partners from 51 institutes.[16] Europe, Africa, India and Australia.
2013–2015 Organization Dundee University establishes a center for development of drugs. A new anti-malaria drug is obtained.[33][34] Dundee (Scotland)

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ NobelPrize.org: The Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine 1948, accessed July 26, 2007.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lytle 2007, p. 217
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ The Challenge of Global Health Foreign Affairs, January/February 2007
  30. ↑ Donald G. McNeil Jr., Gates Foundation's Influence Criticized, N.Y. Times, Feb 16, 2008
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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