SS Eastland

This article is about the ship. For other uses, see Eastland (disambiguation).

The SS Eastland docked
History
Name:	Eastland
Owner:	Michigan Steamship Company
Route:	South Haven, Michigan to Chicago, Illinois route
Ordered:	October 1902
Builder:	Jenks Ship Building Company
Launched:	May 6, 1903
Christened:	May 1903 by Francis Elizabeth Stufflebeam
Maiden voyage:	July 16, 1903
Nickname(s):	"Speed queen of the Great Lakes"
Fate:	Sold in 1905 to the Michigan Transportation Company
Name:	Eastland
Owner:	Michigan Transportation Company
Operator:	Chicago-South Haven Line
Route:	South Haven – Chicago route
Fate:	Sold August 5, 1906 to the Lake Shore Navigation Company of Cleveland, Ohio.
Name:	Eastland
Owner:	Lake Shore Navigation Company of Cleveland, Ohio
Route:	Cleveland-Cedar Point route
Fate:	Sold in 1909 to the Eastland Navigation Company of Cleveland, Ohio.
Name:	Eastland
Owner:	Eastland Navigation Company of Cleveland, Ohio.
Route:	Cleveland-Cedar Point route
Fate:	Sold on June 1, 1914 to the St. Joseph-Chicago Steamship Company of St. Joseph, Michigan
Name:	Eastland
Owner:	St. Joseph-Chicago Steamship Company of St. Joseph, Michigan
Route:	St. Joseph, Michigan to Chicago, Illinois route
Fate:	Raised after accident on October 1915 and sold at auction on December 20, 1915 to Captain Edward A. Evers. Sold on November 21, 1917 to the Illinois Naval Reserve.
United States
Name:	USS Wilmette
Acquired:	November 21, 1917
Commissioned:	September 20, 1918
Recommissioned:	June 29, 1920 April 9, 1945
Decommissioned:	July 9, 1919 February 15, 1940 November 28, 1945
Renamed:	Wilmette on February 20, 1918
Reclassified:	gunboat 1918 IX-29 on February 17, 1941
Struck:	December 19, 1945
Honors and awards:	World War I Victory Medal (with Atlantic Fleet clasp) American Defense Medal (with Fleet clasp) American Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal
Fate:	Sold for scrap on October 31, 1946 to Hyman Michaels Company of Chicago, Illinois and scrapped. Scrapping completed in 1947.
General characteristics
Class & type:	Passenger Ship
Type:	Steamship
Tonnage:	1,961 gross
Displacement:	2,600 (estimated)
Length:	265 ft
Beam:	38 ft 2 in
Draft:	19 ft 6 in
Installed power:	Two triple expansion steam engines Four Scotch marine boilers (coal fired) 1,750 shp
Propulsion:	Two shafts
Speed:	16.5 knots
Capacity:	As Eastland: 2,752 passengers
Complement:	As USS Wilmette: 209
Armament:	As USS Wilmette: Four 4-inch guns Two 3-inch guns Two 1-pounder guns
Notes:	Two funnels Two masts

The SS Eastland was a passenger ship based in Chicago and used for tours. On July 24, 1915 the ship rolled over while tied to a dock in the Chicago River. A total of 844 passengers and crew were killed in what was to become the largest loss of life from a single shipwreck on the Great Lakes.

Following the disaster, the Eastland was salvaged and sold to the United States Navy. After restorations and modifications the Eastland was designated as a gunboat and renamed the USS Wilmette. She was used primarily as a training vessel on the Great Lakes, and was scrapped following World War II.

Construction

The ship was commissioned in 1902 by the Michigan Steamship Company and built by the Jenks Ship Building Company of Port Huron, Michigan. In April 1903, the ship was named by Mrs. David Reid of South Haven, Michigan. She received a prize of $10 and a one-season pass on the ship. The ship was named in May, immediately before its inaugural voyage.

History

Early problems

Following its construction the Eastland was discovered to have design flaws making it susceptible to listing. The ship was top-heavy with its center of gravity being too high. This became evident when passengers congregated en masse on the upper decks. In July 1903, a case of overcrowding caused the Eastland to list with water flowing up one of the ship's gangplanks. The situation was quickly rectified but this was the first of many incidents. Later in the same month, the stern of the ship was damaged when it was backed into the tugboat George W. Gardner. In August 1906, another incident of listing occurred which resulted in the filing of complaints against the Chicago-South Haven Line which had purchased the ship earlier that year.

Mutiny on the Eastland

On August 14, 1903, while on a cruise from Chicago to South Haven, Michigan, six of the ship's firemen refused to stoke the fire for the ship's boiler. They claimed that they had not received their potatoes for a meal. When they refused to return to the fire hole, Captain John Pereue ordered the six men arrested at gun point. Firemen George Lippen and Benjamin Myers, who were not a part of the group of six, stoked the fires until the ship reached harbor. Upon the ship's arrival in South Haven, the six men – Glenn Watson, Mike Davern, Frank La Plarte, Edward Fleming, Mike Smith, and William Madden – were taken to the town jail and charged with mutiny. Shortly thereafter, Captain Pereue was replaced.

The Eastland disaster

On July 24, 1915, the Eastland and four other Great Lakes passenger steamers, the Theodore Roosevelt, the Petoskey, the Racine, and the Rochester, were chartered to take employees from Western Electric Company's Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, to a picnic in Michigan City, Indiana. This was a major event in the lives of the workers, many of whom could not take holidays. Many of the passengers on the Eastland were Czech immigrants from Cicero; 220 of them perished.

View of Eastland from the south side of river after the accident

Cartoonist Bob Satterfield witnessed the capsizing from the Clark Street Bridge, and sketched it for his syndicate.

Passengers being rescued from the hull of the Eastland by the tugboat Kenosha in the Chicago River

View of Eastland from fire tug.

The Eastland being righted following the disaster

In 1915, the new federal Seamen's Act had been passed because of the RMS Titanic disaster three years earlier. The law required retrofitting of a complete set of lifeboats on the Eastland, as on many other passenger vessels. This additional weight, ironically, probably made the Eastland more dangerous as it worsened the already severe problem of being top-heavy. Some argued that other Great Lakes ships would suffer from the same problem. Nonetheless, it was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson. The Eastland was already so top-heavy that it had special restrictions concerning the number of passengers that could be carried. Prior to that, in June 1914, the Eastland had again changed hands, this time bought by the St. Joseph and Chicago Steamship Company, with Captain Harry Pedersen appointed the ship's master.

On the fateful morning, passengers began boarding the Eastland on the south bank of the Chicago River between Clark and LaSalle Streets around 6:30, and by 7:10 a.m., the ship had reached its capacity of 2,572 passengers. The ship was packed, with many passengers standing on the open upper decks, and began to list slightly to the port side (away from the wharf). The crew attempted to stabilize the ship by admitting water to its ballast tanks, but to little avail. Sometime in the next 15 minutes, a number of passengers rushed to the port side, and at 7:28, the Eastland lurched sharply to port, and then rolled completely onto its side, coming to rest on the river bottom, which was only 20 feet below the surface. Many other passengers had already moved below decks on this relatively cool and damp morning to warm up before the departure. Consequently, hundreds were trapped inside by the water and the sudden rollover; others were crushed by heavy furniture, including pianos, bookcases, and tables. Although the ship was only 20 feet from the wharf, and in spite of the quick response by the crew of a nearby vessel, the Kenosha, which came alongside the hull to allow those stranded on the capsized vessel to leap to safety, a total of 844 passengers and four crew members died in the disaster.

The bodies of the victims were taken to various temporary morgues set up in the area for identification; by afternoon, the remaining unidentified bodies were consolidated at the 2nd Regiment Armory, on the site which has since been transformed into Harpo Studios, the sound stage for The Oprah Winfrey Show and other productions. One of the makeshift morgues was set up in the building that has been Castle Nightclub and Excalibur Nightclub, located near the Chicago Hard Rock Cafe.

One of the people who were scheduled to be on the Eastland was 20-year-old George Halas, the American football pioneer, who was delayed leaving for the dock, and arrived after the ship had capsized. Despite stories to the contrary, there is no reliable evidence that Jack Benny was on board the Eastland or scheduled to be on the excursion; possibly the basis for this report was that the Eastland was a training vessel during World War I and Jack Benny received his training on the Great Lakes naval base, where the Eastland was stationed.

The first known film footage taken of the recovery efforts was discovered and then released in early 2015 by a graduate student at the University of Illinois at Chicago and can been seen here.

Marion Eichholz, the last known survivor of the capsizing, died on November 24, 2014, at the age of 102.

Eastland disaster and the media

Writer Jack Woodford witnessed the disaster and gave a first-hand account to the Herald and Examiner, a Chicago newspaper. In his autobiography, Woodford writes:

And then movement caught my eye. I looked across the river. As I watched in disoriented stupefaction a steamer large as an ocean liner slowly turned over on its side as though it were a whale going to take a nap. I didn't believe a huge steamer had done this before my eyes, lashed to a dock, in perfectly calm water, in excellent weather, with no explosion, no fire, nothing. I thought I had gone crazy.

Newspapers played a significant part in not only covering the Eastland disaster, but also creating the public memory of the catastrophe. The newspapers’ purpose, audience, and political and business connections influenced the newspapers to publish articles to focus on who was to blame and why the Eastland capsized. Consequently, the articles influenced how the court cases proceeded, and contributed to a debate between Western Electric Company and its workers regarding how the company responded to the catastrophe. Furthermore, the newspaper articles paved the way for the event to be used as a platform to discuss broader issues of the Progressive Era, including greed, corruption, capitalism, and sensationalized journalism. Through Carl Sandburg’s articles in the Chicago socialist newspaper the Day Book, the International Socialist Review, and his poem, "The Eastland," Sandburg used the Eastland disaster as a platform to discuss his views on capitalism, socialism, greed, corruption, and sensationalized journalism. Thus suggesting, "Sandburg’s articles and poems emphasized a broader debate between capitalists and socialist during the early twentieth century: the national identity of the United States."

Carl Sandburg, then better known as a journalist than a poet, wrote an angry account accusing regulators of turning a blind eye to safety issues. He also claimed that many of the workers were there on company orders for a staged picnic:

Grim industrial feudalism stands with dripping and red hands behind the whole Eastland affair.

Sandburg also wrote a poem, "The Eastland," that contrasts the disaster with the mistreatment and poor health of the lower classes at the time. After first listing the quick murderous horrors of the disaster, then surveying the slow murderous horrors of extreme poverty, Sandburg concludes by comparing the two: "I see a dozen Eastlands/Every morning on my way to work/And a dozen more going home at night." It was too harsh for publication in his day, and not published until 1993.

The Eastland disaster was incorporated into the 1999 series premiere of the Disney Channel original series So Weird. In the episode, teenage paranormal enthusiast Fiona Phillips (actress Cara DeLizia) encounters the ghost of a young boy who drowned during the capsizing while exploring a nightclub near the Chicago River, and attempts to figure out why he has contacted her.

In 2012, Chicago's Lookingglass Theatre produced an original musical about the disaster entitled Eastland: A New Musical and written by Andy White.

Inquiry and indictments

A grand jury indicted the president and three other officers of the steamship company for manslaughter, and the ship's captain and engineer for criminal carelessness, and found that the disaster was caused by "conditions of instability" caused by any or all of overloading of passengers, mishandling of water ballast, or the construction of the ship.

Federal extradition hearings were held to compel the six indicted men to come from Michigan to Illinois for trial. During the hearings, principal witness Sidney Jenks, head of the shipbuilding company that built the Eastland, testified that its first owners wanted a fast ship to transport fruit, and he designed one capable of making 20 miles per hour and carrying 500 passengers. Defense counsel Clarence Darrow asked whether he had ever worried about the conversion of ship into a passenger steamer with a capacity of 2,500 or more passengers. Jenks replied, "I had no way of knowing the quantity of its business after it left our yards... No, I did not worry about the Eastland." Jenks testified that there was never an actual stability test of the ship, and stated that after tilting to an angle of 45 degrees at launching, "...it righted itself as straight as a church, satisfactorily demonstrating its stability."

The court refused extradition, holding the evidence was too weak, with "barely a scintilla of proof" to establish probable cause to find the six guilty. The court reasoned that the four company officers were not aboard the ship, and that every act charged against the captain and engineer was done in the ordinary course of business, "more consistent with innocence than with guilt." The court also reasoned that the Eastland "was operated for years and carried thousands safely", and that for this reason no one could say that the accused parties were unjustified in believing the ship seaworthy.

Second life as USS Wilmette

The USS Wilmette, c. 1918

After the Eastland was raised on August 14, 1915, she was sold to the Illinois Naval Reserve and recommissioned as USS Wilmette stationed at Great Lakes Naval Base. She was converted to a gunboat, renamed Wilmette on February 20, 1918, and commissioned on September 20, 1918 with Captain William B. Wells in command. Commissioned late in World War I, Wilmette saw no combat service. She trained sailors and engaged in normal upkeep and repairs until placed in ordinary at Chicago on July 9, 1919, retaining a 10-man caretaker crew on board. On June 29, 1920 the gunboat was returned to full commission, with Captain Edward A. Evers, USNRF, in command.

On June 7, 1921, the Wilmette was given the task of sinking UC-97, a German U-Boat surrendered to the United States after World War I. The guns of the Wilmette were manned by Gunner's Mate J.O. Sabin, who had fired the first American shell in World War I, and Gunner's Mate A.F. Anderson, the man who fired the first American torpedo in the conflict. For the remainder of her 25-year career, the gunboat served as a training ship for naval reservists in the 9th, 10th, and 11th Naval Districts. She made voyages along the shores of the Great Lakes carrying trainees assigned to her from the Naval Station Great Lakes in Illinois. Wilmette remained in commission, carrying out her reserve training mission until she was placed "out of commission, in service," on February 15, 1940.

Given hull designation IX-29 on February 17, 1941, she resumed training duty at Chicago on March 30, 1942, preparing armed guard crews for duty manning the guns on armed merchantmen. That assignment continued until the end of World War II in Europe obviated measures to protect transatlantic merchant shipping from German U-boats.

During August 1943 the Wilmette was given the honor of transporting President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Admiral William D. Leahy, James F. Byrnes, and Harry Hopkins on a 10-day cruise to McGregor and Whitefish Bay to plan war strategies.

On April 9, 1945, she was returned to full commission for a brief interval. Wilmette was decommissioned on November 28, 1945, and her name was struck from the Navy list on December 19, 1945. In 1946, the Wilmette was offered up for sale. Finding no takers, on October 31, 1946, she was sold to the Hyman Michaels Company for scrapping which was completed in 1947.

Historical marker along the Chicago River commemorating the Eastland disaster

Memorials

A marker commemorating the accident was dedicated on June 4, 1989. This marker was reported stolen on April 26, 2000, and a replacement marker was installed and rededicated on July 24, 2003.

There are plans for a permanent outdoor exhibit with the proposed name "At The River's Edge". This exhibit would be at the exact location of the disaster. The exhibit will include 6 steel frames for a total of 12 panels. The 12 panels will combine text with high-resolution images to tell the story of the disaster.

See also

• Maritime disasters
• PS General Slocum

Notes and references

This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.

Further reading

• Michael McCarthy, Ashes Under Water: The SS Eastland and the Shipwreck that Shook America, Lyons Press 2014. ISBN 978-0762793280
• Jay Bonansinga, The Sinking of the Eastland: America's Forgotten Tragedy, Citadel Press 2004. ISBN 0-8065-2628-9
• George Hilton, Eastland: Legacy of the Titanic, Stanford University Press 1997. ISBN 0-8047-2801-1
• Ted Wachholz, The Eastland Disaster, Arcadia Publishing 2005. ISBN 0-7385-3441-2

External links

• Eastland Disaster Historical Society
• Maritimequest Eastland Photo Gallery
• Eastland Memorial Society
• Eastland Disaster at the Center for History
• Graves of Eastland victims at Bohemian National Cemetery
• Graves of Eastland victims at Concordia Cemetery
• Chicago Tribune Photographs
• Eastland Disaster Film Archive Videos
• Eastland Disaster Video