Voiced labiodental fricative

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Voiced labiodental fricative
v
IPA Number 129
Encoding
Entity (decimal) v
Unicode (hex) U+0076
X-SAMPA v
Braille ⠧ (braille pattern dots-1236)

The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨v⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v.

Although this is a familiar sound to most European and Middle Eastern listeners, it is cross-linguistically a fairly uncommon sound, being only a quarter as frequent as [w]. The presence of [v] and absence of [w], is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia.[citation needed] Speakers of East Asian languages that lack this sound tend to pronounce it as [p] (Mandarin), [b] (Japanese), or [f]/[w] (Cantonese), thus failing to distinguish a number of English minimal pairs.[citation needed]

Features

Features of the voiced labiodental fricative:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz европа [evˈropʼa] 'Europe' See Abkhaz phonology
Afrikaans wees [ˈveə̯s] 'to be' See Afrikaans phonology
Albanian valixhe [vaˈlidʒɛ] 'case'
Arabic Siirt[1] ذهب [vaˈhab] 'gold' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[2] վեց <phonos file="vɛtsʰ.ogg">[vɛtsʰ]</phonos> 'six'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ktava [kta:va] 'book' Only in the Urmia dialects. [ʋ] is also predominantly used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties.
Bai Dali  ? [ŋv˩˧] 'fish'
Bulgarian вода [vɔda] 'water' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan Balearic[3] viu [ˈviw] 'live' See Catalan phonology
Southern Catalonia[4]
Valencian[4]
Chechen вашa / vaṣa [vaʃa] 'brother'
Chinese Wu [vɛ] 'cooked rice'
Czech voda [voda] 'water' See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[5] véd [ve̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] 'know(s)' Most often an approximant [ʋ].[6] See Danish phonology
Dutch All dialects wraak [vraːk] 'revenge' Allophone of /ʋ/ before /r/. See Dutch phonology
Most dialects vreemd [vreːmt] 'strange' Often devoiced to [f] by speakers from the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology
Standard[7]
English valve [væɫv] 'valve' See English phonology
Ewe[8] evlo [évló] 'he is evil'
Faroese[9] veður [ˈveːʋuɹ] 'speech' Word-initial allophone of /v/, in free variation with an approximant [ʋ].[9] See Faroese phonology
French[10] valve [valv] 'valve' See French phonology
Georgian[11] იწრო [ˈvitsʼɾo] 'narrow'
German Wächter [ˈvɛçtɐ] 'guard' See German phonology
Greek βερνίκι verníki [ve̞rˈnici] 'varnish' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew גב [ɡav] 'back' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindi[12] व्र [vrət̪] 'fast' See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian veszély [vɛseːj] 'danger' See Hungarian phonology
Irish bhaile [vaːlə] 'home' See Irish phonology
Italian[13] avare [aˈvare] 'miserly' (f.pl.) See Italian phonology
Judaeo-Spanish mueve [ˈmwɛvɛ] 'nine'
Kabardian вагъуэ <phonos file="Vaːʁʷa.ogg">[vaːʁʷa]</phonos> 'star' Corresponds to [ʒʷ] in Adyghe
Macedonian вода [vɔda] 'water' See Macedonian phonology
Maltese iva [iva] 'yes'
Norwegian Standard Eastern[14][15][16][17] venn [vɛ̝nː] 'friend' Allophone of /ʋ/ before a pause and in emphatic speech.[17] See Norwegian phonology
Occitan Auvergnat vol [vɔl] 'flight' See Occitan phonology
Limousin
Provençal
Polish[18] wór <phonos file="Pl-wór.ogg">[vur]</phonos> 'bag' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[19] vila [ˈvilɐ] 'town' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian val [val] 'wave' See Romanian phonology
Russian[20] волосы [ˈvoləsɨ] 'hair' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[21] гроф би / grof bi [ɡrô̞v bi] 'the earl would' Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants.[21] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak voda <phonos file="SK-voda.ogg">[voda]</phonos> 'water'
Spanish[22] afgano [ävˈɣ̞äno̞] 'Afghan' Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants. See Spanish phonology
Swedish vägg [ˈvɛɡː] 'wall' See Swedish phonology
Turkish cetvel [dʒetvæl] 'ruler' Allophone of /ʋ/ after voiceless consonants. See Turkish phonology
Vietnamese[23] và [vaː˨˩] 'and' In southern dialects, is in free variation with [j]. See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh fi [vi] 'I'
West Frisian weevje [ˈʋeːvjə] 'to weave' Never occurs in word-initial positions
Yi /vu [vu˧] 'intestines'

See also

References

Bibliography

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