Voiceless palatal fricative
Voiceless palatal fricative | |||
---|---|---|---|
ç | |||
IPA Number | 138 | ||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ç |
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Unicode (hex) | U+00E7 | ||
X-SAMPA | C |
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Braille | |||
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The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ç⟩. The symbol ç is the letter c with a cedilla, as used to spell French and Portuguese words such as façade and ação. However, the sound represented by the letter ç in French, Portuguese and English orthography is not a voiceless palatal fricative but /s/, the voiceless alveolar fricative.
Palatal fricatives are relatively rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world's languages have /ç/ as a phoneme.[1] The sound occurs, however, as an allophone of /x/ in German, or, in other languages, of /h/ in the vicinity of front vowels.
There is also a voiceless post-palatal fricative (also called pre-velar, fronted velar etc.) in some languages.
Contents
Features
Features of the voiceless palatal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Azerbaijani[2] | Some dialects | çörək | [tʃœˈɾæç] | 'bread' | Allophone of /c/ |
Berber | Kabyle | ḵtil | [çtil] | 'to measure' | |
Danish | Standard[3] | pjaske | [ˈpçæsɡ̊ə] | 'splash' | May be alveolo-palatal [ɕ] instead.[3] Before /j/, aspiration in /pʰ, tˢ, kʰ/ is realized as devoicing and fortition of /j/.[3] Note, however, that the sequence /tˢj/ is normally realized as an affricate [t͡ɕ].[4] See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Southern | echt | [ɛx̟t̪] | 'real' | Post-palatal; not all dialects. See Hard and soft G in Dutch and Dutch phonology |
English | British[5][6] | hue | <phonos file="en-us-hue.ogg">[çuː]</phonos> | 'hue' | Allophone of /hj/. See English phonology |
Scouse[7] | like | [laɪ̯ç] | 'like' | Allophone of /k/; ranges from palatal to uvular, depending on the preceding vowel.[7] See English phonology | |
Finnish | vihko | [ˈʋiçko̞] | 'notebook' | Allophone of /h/. See Finnish phonology | |
German | nicht | <phonos file="De-nicht.ogg">[nɪçt]</phonos> | 'not' | Allophone of /x/. See German phonology | |
Greek[8] | ψυχή | <phonos file="Ell-Psychi.ogg">[ps̠iˈç̠i]</phonos> | 'soul' | Post-palatal.[8] See Modern Greek phonology | |
Haida | xíl | [çɪ́l] | 'leaf' | ||
Hungarian[9] | kapj | [ˈkɒpç] | 'get' (imperative) | Allophone of /j/ between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary. See Hungarian phonology | |
Icelandic | hérna | [ˈçɛrtn̥a] | 'here' | See Icelandic phonology | |
Irish | a Sheáin | [ə çaːnʲ] | 'John' (voc.) | See Irish phonology | |
Japanese[10] | 人/hito | [çi̥to̞] | 'person' | Allophone of /h/ before /i/ and /j/. See Japanese phonology | |
Korean | 힘 /him | [çim] | 'strength' | Allophone of /h/ word-initially before /i/ and /j/. See Korean phonology | |
Limburgish | Weert dialect[11] | ich | [e̠ç̠] | 'I' | Post-palatal; allophone of /x/ before and after front vowels.[11] |
Norwegian | kjekk | [çek] | 'handsome' | See Norwegian phonology | |
Pashto | Ghilji dialect[12] | پښه | [pça] | 'foot' | |
Wardak dialect | |||||
Portuguese | Some Brazilian speakers | risonha | [çiˈzõ̞j̃ɐ] | 'giggly', 'laughterful' (f.) | Allophone of /ʁ/, particularly before [i] or [ɪ] in onset context. See Portuguese phonology |
Romanian | Muntenian dialects[13] | fir | [çir] | 'thread' | Allophone of /f/ before /i/.[13] Realized as [f] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Scottish Gaelic[14] | eich | [eç] | 'horses' | ||
Spanish | Chilean[15] | mujer | [muˈçe̞r] | 'woman' | Allophone of /x/ before front vowels. See Spanish phonology |
Uzbek[16] | [example needed] | Post-palatal;[16] weakly fricated.[16] Occurs word-initially and pre-consonantally, otherwise it is post-velar.[16] | |||
Walloon | texhe | [tɛç] | 'to knit' |
See also
Notes
- ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–68)
- ↑ Damirchizadeh (1972:96)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Basbøll (2005:65–66)
- ↑ Grønnum (2005:148)
- ↑ Roach (2009:43)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Watson (2007), p. 353.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
- ↑ Siptár & Törkenczy (2007:205)
- ↑ Okada (1991:95)
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 108.
- ↑ Henderson (1983), p. 595.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ↑ Oftedal (1956:?)
- ↑ Palatal phenomena in Spanish phonology Page 113
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Sjoberg (1963), pp. 11.
References
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