War artist

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A war artist depicts some aspect of war through art. The art might be a pictorial record, or it might commemorate how war shapes lives.[1] War artists explore the visual and sensory dimensions of war, often absent in written histories or other accounts of warfare.[2]

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Definition and context

A war artist creates a visual account of the impact of war by showing how men and women are waiting, preparing, fighting, suffering, celebrating,[3] or destroyed, as in Vasily Vereshchagin's 1871 painting, The Apotheosis of War.

The works produced by war artists illustrate and record many aspects of war and the individual's experience of war, whether allied or enemy, service or civilian, military or political, social or cultural. The role of the artist and his work is to embrace the causes, course, and consequences of conflict, and has an essentially educational purpose.[4]

Artists record military activities in ways that cameras and the written word cannot. Their art collects and distills the experiences of the men and women who endured it.[5] The artists and their artwork affect how subsequent generations view military conflicts. For example, Australian war artists who grew up between the two world wars were influenced by the artwork which depicted the First World War, and there was a precedent and format for them to follow.[6]

Official war artists have been appointed by governments for information or propaganda purposes and to record events on the battlefield,[7] but there are many other types of war artists. These can include combatants who are artists and choose to record their experiences, non-combatants who are witnesses of war, and prisoners of war who may voluntarily record the conditions or be appointed war artists by senior officers.

In New Zealand, the title of appointed "war artist" changed to "army artist" after the two world wars.[8] In the United States, the term "combat artist" has come to be used to mean the same thing.[9][10]

Gassed, 1918, by John Singer Sargent. Oil on canvas, 231 x 611.1cm (91 x 240.5in). Collection of the Imperial War Museum, London

Some examples and their background

American

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Thomas Lea's The 2000 Yard Stare published in 1945
File:Michael Fay USMC war artist.jpg
Michael Fay is an official US Marine war artist, one of only three whose work depicts the battlefronts in Iraq and Afghanistan (2007).

The American panorama created by artists whose work focuses on war began with a visual account of the American Revolutionary War. The war artist or combat artist captures instantaneous action and conflates earlier moments of the same scene within one compelling image. Artists are unlike the objective camera lens, which records only a single instant and no more.[14]

In 1917 the American military designated American official war artists who were sent to Europe to record the activities of the American Expeditionary Forces.[15]

In World War II, the Navy Combat Art Program ensured that active-duty artists developed a record of all phases of the war and all major naval operations.[14]

The official war artist continued to be supported in some military engagements. Teams of soldier-artists during the Vietnam War created pictorial accounts and interpretations for the annals of army military history.[16] In 1992 the Army Staff Artist Program was attached to the United States Army Center of Military History as a permanent part of the Museum Division's Collections Branch.[15]

The majority of combat artists of the 1970s were selected by George Gray, chairman of NACAL, Navy Air Cooperation and Liaison committee. Some of their paintings will be selected for the Navy Combat Art Museum in the capital by Charles Lawrence, director. In January 1978 the U.S. Navy chose a seascape specialist team: they asked Patricia Yaps and Wayne Dean, both of Milford, Connecticut, to capture air-sea rescue missions off of Key West while they were based at the nearby Naval Air Station Key West. They were among 78 artists selected that year to create works of art depicting Navy subjects.[17][18][19]

Selected artists

A select list of representative American artists includes:

Revolutionary War

Civil War

Spanish-American War

World War I

World War II

Vietnam era

Soldier Artist Participants in the U. S. Army Vietnam Combat Artists Program

Landing Zone by John O. Wehrle, CAT I, 1966, Courtesy of the National Museum of the United States Army

Recent conflicts

Australian

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Australians and New Zealanders at Klerksdorp 24 March 1901 by Charles Hammond

War artists have depicted all the conflicts in which Australians have been called to combat. The Australian tradition of "official war artists" started with the First World War. Artists were granted permission to accompany the Australian Imperial Force to record the activities of its soldiers. During the Second World War, the Australian War Museum, later called the Australian War Memorial, engaged artists. At the same time, the Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, and Royal Australian Air Force appointed official war artist-soldiers from within their ranks.[35] These embedded war artists have depicted the activities of Australian forces in Korea, Vietnam, East Timor, Afghanistan, and Iraq.

The ranks of non-soldier artists like George Gittoes continue to create artwork which becomes a commentary on Australia's military actions in war.[36]

Selected artists

A select list of representative Australian artists includes:

Second Boer War

First World War

Second World War

Recent conflicts

Austrian

The Fall of Nelson, Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805 by Denis Dighton, c. 1825
The Last Stand at Isandlwana, 1879 by Charles Edwin Fripp in 1885. Collection of the National Army Museum of South Africa

British

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British participation in foreign wars has been the subject of paintings and other works created by Britain's war artists. Artwork like the 1688 painting,The Fleet at Sea by Willem van de Velde the Younger depict the Royal Navy in readiness for battle. The Ministry of Defence art collection includes many paintings showing battle scenes, particularly naval battles.[50] Military art and portraiture has evolved along with other aspects of war. The British official war artists of the First World War created a unique account of that conflict. The British War Artists Scheme expanded the number of official artists and enlarged the scope of their activities during the Second War.[51]

Significant themes in the chronicle of twentieth-century wars have been developed by non-military, non-official, civilian artists. For example, society portraitist Arabella Dorman's paintings of wounded Iraq War veterans inspired her to spend two weeks with three regiments in different frontline areas: the Green Jackets at Basra Palace, the Queen's Own Gurkhas at Shaibah Logistics Base ten miles south-west of Basra, and the Queen's Royal Lancers in the Maysaan desert. In the field, Dorman drew quick charcoal portraits of the men she met. Returning to England, the sketches she made helped her use art to "evoke the emotions and psychological impact of war," rather than depicting the "physical horror" of war.[52]

Selected artists

A select list of representative British artists includes:

Napoleonic Wars

Crimean War

Boer Wars

First World War

Second World War

Recent conflicts

Portrait of POW "Dusty" Rhodes. A three-minute sketch by Ashley George Old painted in Thailand

Belgian

First World War

Canadian

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Canadian Forestry Corps' Gas Attack, Lievin (1918) by Canadian war artist A. Y. Jackson

Representative works by Canada's artists whose work illustrates and records war are gathered into the extensive collection of the Canadian War Museum. A few First World War paintings were exhibited in the Canadian Senate Chamber, and artists studied these works as a way of preparing to create new artworks in the conflict in Europe which expanded after 1939.[98]

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"The war art commissions brought intense focus to the observation of Canada's role in international conflict... A driving need for a strong national identity urged First and Second World War artists toward symbolism. While these vivid images are of a now distant past, they continue to communicate their messages to us, and so never lose their relevance."[99]

In the Second World War, Canada expanded its official art program;[98] Canadian war artists were a kind of journalist who lived the lives of soldiers.[99] The work of non-official civilian artists also became part of the record of this period. Canada supported Canadian official war artists in both the First World War and the Second World War; no official artists were designated during the Korean War.[100]

Among Canada's embedded artist-journalist teams was Richard Johnson, who was sent by the National Post to Afghanistan in 2007 and 2011; his drawings of Canadian troops were published and posted online as part of the series "Kandahar Journal".[101]

Selected artists

A select list of representative Canadian artists includes:

First World War

Second World War

Recent conflicts

Chinese

Dutch

French

File:Salon des Armées, exhibition poster, 1916.jpg
French war art poster by Henri Dangon, 1916. Lithograph by Imp. H. Chachoin, Paris

During the First World War, the work of artists depicting aspects of the military conflict were put on display in official war art exhibitions.[112] In 1916 the Ministry of Beaux-Arts and the Ministry of War sponsored the Salon des Armées to show the work of the artists who had been mobilized. This one exhibition realized 60,000 francs. The proceeds supported needy artists at home and the disabled.[112]

German

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Franco-Prussian War

First World War

Second World War

Recent conflicts

Japanese

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Korean

New Zealand

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War artists have been appointed by the government to supplement the record of New Zealand’s military history.[126] The title of "war artist" changed to "army artist" when Ion Brown was appointed after the two world wars.[127]

Conservators at the National Art Gallery considered the collection to be of historic rather than artistic worth; few were displayed.[128] New Zealand's National Collection of War Art encompasses the work of artists who were working on commission for the Government as official war artists, while others created artworks for their own reasons.[129]

Selected artists

A select list of representative New Zealand artists includes:

First World War

Bellevue Ridge, 1918 by New Zealand official war artist George Edmund Butler

Second World War

Recent conflicts

Russian

South African

Spanish

See also

Notes

  1. Imperial War Museum (IWM), header phrase, "war shapes lives"
  2. Australian War Memorial (AWM): Australian official war artists
  3. Canadian War Museum (CWM), "Australia, Britain, and Canada in the Second World War," 2005.
  4. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. U.S. Naval Historical Center (NHHC), "World War II Navy Art: A Vision of History,", 2001
  6. Reid, John B. (1977). Australian Artists at War, Vol. 2, p. 5.
  7. National Archives (UK), "'The Art of War,' Learn About the Art."
  8. Gauldie, Matt. "History of the NZ Army Artist"
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 "With Sketchpads and Guns, Semper Fi";
  10. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. Harrington, Peter. "The First True War Artist," MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, Vol. 9, No. 1, Autumn 1996, pp. 100–109.
  12. 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. Grove, Valerie. "Aged 90, Ronald Searle recalls the bad girls of St Trinian's,"The Times (London). February 20, 2010.
  14. 14.0 14.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. 15.0 15.1 United States Army Center of Military History (CMH), Army Art Program History.
  16. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. Oline Cogdill, Official Combat Artists; They 'Capture' the Navy, People Today, March 11, 1978
  18. Andree Hickok, 2 Combat artists capture life and death on canvas, The Sunday Post Closeup F-1, July 2, 1978
  19. Virginia Adams, Navy Draft Patricia YAps as combat artist, The News-Times, July 10, 1978
  20. Rocco, Keith et al. (2004). The Soldier's View: The Civil War Art of Keith Rocco.
  21. 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Brown University Library, American war artists
  25. 25.0 25.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. Howard Brodie. 1st broadcast, May 2000.
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  30. Edward Reep 1st broadcast, May 2000.
  31. Perricelli, Lynne Moss. "Drawing: Henry Casselli: Drawing From the Inside Out," American Artist. 7 Mar 2008.
  32. http://www.wfae.org/post/combat-artist-rob-bates
  33. http://rbportraits.squarespace.com/blog/2013/1/1/sketching-the-drawdown-part-6.html
  34. http://www.drawger.com/victorjuhasz/?article_id=13499
  35. Wilkins, Lola. "Interpreting the war: Australia's Second World War art." CWM, 2005.
  36. 36.0 36.1 Strauss, David Levi. "George Gittoes with David Levi Strauss," The Brooklyn Rail (New York). July 8, 2010; Order of Australia, George Gittoes, AM, excerpt of citation, "For service to art and international relations as an artist and photographer portraying the effects on the environment of war, international disasters and heavy industry".
  37. AWM: Australia and the Boer War, 1899–1902; The incident for which Captain Howse was awarded the VC in Vredefort, July 1900 by William Dargie (1968, oil on paper on board, 25.5 x 35.5 cm), AWM ART29246
  38. 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.7 38.8 38.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. Gray, Anne. (1986). "McCubbin, Louis Frederick (1890–1952)," Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 10, pp. 243–244; excerpt, "Appointed an official war artist under the Australian Records Section scheme to the 3rd Division, he visited scenes of battles with Wallace Anderson and Charles Web Gilbert after the war to collect data for proposed dioramas.
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  48. 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 48.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. Defence, Dept of. Media Release "The Creation of the Army's Official Art Collection" [1]
  50. 50.0 50.1 Ministry of Defence (MoD), Battles
  51. Tolson, Roger. "A Common Cause: Britain's War Artists Scheme." CWM, 2005.
  52. Harrison, David. "War artist Arabella Dorman paints Iraq," Telegraph (London). May 2, 2009.
  53. National Maritime Museum (NMM), The Fall of Nelson, Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805 by Denis Dighton, c. 1825.
  54. National Portrait Gallery(NPG), Robert Ker Porter
  55. National Portrait Gallery, Expansion and Empire
  56. Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB), Brierly, Sir Oswald Walters (1817–1894)
  57. Library of Congress (LOC), Simpson, William, 1823–1899
  58. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. Charles Edwin Fripp; excerpt, "Fripp also held a commission in the Artists Rifles for 13 years ...."
  60. British Sporting Artists Trust (BSAT), Godfrey Douglas Giles
  61. WorldCat Identities: Prater, Ernest
  62. Brighton and Hove Museums, Melton Prior; Lee, Sidney. (2006). Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), Second Supplement, Vol. 3, p. 136., p. 136, at Google Books
  63. 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; also a war artist in the Second World War.
  65. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  67. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; also a war artist in World War II.
  68. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; also a war artist in World War II.
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  70. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; also a war artist in World War II.
  71. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; also a war artist in World War II.
  72. IWM Collections
  73. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/richard-eurich-1071
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  77. Thomas, Ronan; West End at War: Anthony Gross. Retrieved 24 April 2013
  78. Tate: Anthony Gross - Artist biography. Retrieved 24 April 2013
  79. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  81. http://www.iwmprints.org.uk/image/803584/mansbridge-john-an-air-gunner-in-a-gun-turret-sergeant-g-holmes-d-f-m
  82. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  83. Portrait by Old at Imperial War Museum
  84. http://navigator.rafmuseum.org/results.do?view=detail&db=person&mode=1&id=8456
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  88. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; also a war artist in World War I.
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  98. 98.0 98.1 Brandon, Laura. "'Doing Justice to History:' Canada's Second World War Official Art Program." CWM, 2005.
  99. 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.5 99.6 Art Gallery of Ontario, "Canvas of War: Masterpieces from the Canadian War Museum," October 2001 – January 2002.
  100. "North Korea: The Forgotten War," CBC News (Canadian Broadcasting Company). July 18, 2003.
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  102. [2]
  103. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  104. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  105. Library and Archives Canada (LAC), Alan Brockman Beddoe
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  107. [3]
  108. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  110. Library and Archives Canada (LAC), [4]
  111. The Art of War," Canadian Army Journal, Vol. 12.3. Winter 2010. pp. 102–103.
  112. 112.0 112.1 Library of Congress (LOC), Salon des Armées, réservé aux artistes du front. Au profit des oeuvres de guerre. Jardin des Tuileries by Henri Dangon, color film slide; summary description
  113. McCloskey, Barbara. (2005). Artists of World War II, p. 50.
  114. McCloskey, p. 50; Yenne, William P. German War Art, 1939–1945.
  115. Klee, Ernst: The Cultural Encyclopedia of the Third Reich - before and after 1945, S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt 2007, S. 15, reprinted 2009. ISBN 3596171539
  116. 116.0 116.1 German Official War Artists, citing German War Art 1939–45 by William Yenne.
  117. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  119. Diósy, Arthur. (1900). The New Far East, p. xv., p. xv, at Google Books
  120. Okamoto, Shumpei. (1983). Impressions of the Front: Woodcuts of the Sino Japanese War, 1894–95, pp. 21, 27.
  121. Nussbaum, "Fujita Tsuguharu" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 200; McCloskey, p. 117.
  122. Nussbaum, "Ogata Gekkō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 737.
  123. Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). "Migita Toshihide" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 628.
  124. Complutense University of Madrid, Biblioteca Histórica Marqués de Valdecilla. Exposición "Flores de Edo: samuráis, artistas y geishas" 4 November 2004 – 10 January 2005.
  125. Salmon, Andrew. "A Cartoonist at War: 'Gobau's' Korea, 1950," The Asia-Pacific Journal, July 13, 2009; "A teenage cartoonist’s diary of horrors," JoongAng Ilbo. July 10, 1010.
  126. Archives New Zealand (Archives NZ), War Art.
  127. 127.0 127.1 127.2 127.3 New Zealand Army (NZ Army), NZ Army Artist, Matt Gauldie.
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  137. Fisher, David. "Feature: Capturing the Moment," New Zealand Listener (June 28 – July 4, 2008) Vol. 214, No. 3555.
  138. es:Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau

References

Further reading

Australia
  • Reid, John B. (1977). Australian Artists at War: Compiled from the Australian War Memorial Collection. Volume 1. 1885–1925; Vol. 2 1940–1970. South Melbourne, Victoria: Sun Books. ISBN 9780725102548; OCLC 4035199
Canada
  • Oliver, Dean Frederick, and Laura Brandon (2000). Canvas of War: Painting the Canadian Experience, 1914 to 1945. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 9781550547726; OCLC 43283109
  • Tippett, Maria. (1984). Art at the Service of War: Canada, Art, and the Great War. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802025418; OCLC 13858984
Germany
New Zealand
South Africa
  • Carter, Albert Charles Robinson. (1900). The Work of War Artists in South Africa. London: "The Art Journal" Office. OCLC 25938498
United Kingdom
United States
  • Cornebise, Alfred. (1991). Art from the trenches: America's Uniformed Artists in World War I. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 9780890963494; OCLC 22892632
  • Harrington, Peter, and Frederic A. Sharf. (1988). A Splendid Little War; The Spanish–American War, 1898; The Artists' Perspective. London: Greenhill. ISBN 9781853673160; OCLC 260112479

External links