William the Lion

William 'the Lion'
Seal of William the Lion
King of the Scots
Reign	9 December 1165 – 4 December 1214
Coronation	24 December 1165
Predecessor	Malcolm IV
Successor	Alexander II
Born	About 1143
Died	4 December 1214(1214-12-04) (aged 71) Stirling
Burial	Arbroath Abbey
Spouse	Ermengarde de Beaumont
Issue	Margaret, Countess of Kent Isabella, Countess of Norfolk Alexander II of Scotland Marjorie
House	House of Dunkeld
Father	Henry of Scotland
Mother	Ada de Warenne

William the Lion (Mediaeval Gaelic: Uilliam mac Eanric; Modern Gaelic: Uilleam mac Eanraig), sometimes styled William I, also known by the nickname Garbh, "the Rough", (c. 1143 – 4 December 1214) reigned as King of the Scots from 1165 to 1214. He had the second-longest reign in Scottish history before the Act of Union with England in 1707. James VI (reigned 1567–1625) would have the longest.

Life

He became King following his brother Malcolm IV's death on 9 December 1165 and was crowned on 24 December 1165.

In contrast to his deeply religious, frail brother, William was powerfully built, redheaded, and headstrong. He was an effective monarch whose reign was marred by his ill-fated attempts to regain control of Northumbria from the Normans.

Traditionally, William is credited with founding Arbroath Abbey, the site of the later Declaration of Arbroath.

He was not known as "The Lion" during his own lifetime, and the title did not relate to his tenacious character or his military prowess. It was attached to him because of his flag or standard, a red lion rampant with a forked tail (queue fourchée) on a yellow background. This (with the substitution of a 'double tressure fleury counter-fleury' border instead of an orle) went on to become the Royal standard of Scotland, still used today but quartered with those of England and of Ireland. It became attached to him because the chronicler John of Fordun called him the "Lion of Justice".

William was grandson of David I of Scotland. He also inherited the title of Earl of Northumbria in 1152 from his father, Henry of Scotland. However he had to give up this title to King Henry II of England in 1157. This caused trouble after William became king, since he spent a lot of effort trying to regain Northumbria.

William was a key player in the Revolt of 1173–1174 against Henry II. In 1174, at the Battle of Alnwick, during a raid in support of the revolt, William recklessly charged the English troops himself, shouting, "Now we shall see which of us are good knights!" He was unhorsed and captured by Henry's troops led by Ranulf de Glanvill and taken in chains to Newcastle, then Northampton, and then transferred to Falaise in Normandy. Henry then sent an army to Scotland and occupied it. As ransom and to regain his kingdom, William had to acknowledge Henry as his feudal superior and agree to pay for the cost of the English army's occupation of Scotland by taxing the Scots. The church of Scotland was also subjected to that of England. This he did by signing the Treaty of Falaise. He was then allowed to return to Scotland. In 1175 he swore fealty to Henry II at York Castle.

The humiliation of the Treaty of Falaise triggered a revolt in Galloway which lasted until 1186, and prompted construction of a castle at Dumfries. In 1179, meanwhile, William and his brother David personally led a force northwards into Easter Ross, establishing two further castles, and aiming to discourage the Norse Earls of Orkney from expanding beyond Caithness.

A further rising in 1181 involved Donald Meic Uilleim, direct descendant of King Duncan II of Scots. Donald briefly took over Ross; not until his death (1187) was William able to reclaim Donald's stronghold of Inverness. Further royal expeditions were required in 1197 and 1202 to fully neutralise the Orcadian threat.

The Treaty of Falaise remained in force for the next fifteen years. Then Richard the Lionheart, King of England, needing money to take part in the Third Crusade, agreed to terminate it in return for 10,000 silver marks, on 5 December 1189.

William attempted to purchase Northumbria from Richard in 1194, as he had a strong claim over it. However, his offer of 15,000 marks was rejected due to wanting the castles within the lands, which Richard was not willing to give.

Despite the Scots regaining their independence, Anglo-Scottish relations remained tense during the first decade of the 13th century. In August 1209 King John decided to flex the English muscles by marching a large army to Norham (near Berwick), in order to exploit the flagging leadership of the ageing Scottish monarch. As well as promising a large sum of money, the ailing William agreed to his elder daughters marrying English nobles and, when the treaty was renewed in 1212, John apparently gained the hand of William's only surviving legitimate son, and heir, Alexander, for his eldest daughter, Joan.

Despite continued dependence on English goodwill, William's reign showed much achievement. He threw himself into government with energy and diligently followed the lines laid down by his grandfather, David I. Anglo-French settlements and feudalization were extended, new burghs founded, criminal law clarified, the responsibilities of justices and sheriffs widened, and trade grew. Arbroath Abbey was founded (1178), and the bishopric of Argyll established (c.1192) in the same year as papal confirmation of the Scottish church by Pope Celestine III.

William is recorded in 1206 as having cured a case of scrofula by his touching and blessing a child with the ailment whilst at York. William died in Stirling in 1214 and lies buried in Arbroath Abbey. His son, Alexander II, succeeded him as king, reigning from 1214 to 1249.

Marriage and issue

Due to the terms of the Treaty of Falaise, Henry II had the right to choose William's bride. As a result, William married Ermengarde de Beaumont, a great-granddaughter of King Henry I of England, at Woodstock Palace in 1186. Edinburgh Castle was her dowry. The marriage was not very successful, and it was many years before she bore him an heir. William and Ermengarde's children were:

1. Margaret (1193–1259), married Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent.
2. Isabel (1195–1253), married Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk and Robert "of Fur Fan" De Ros, Sir Knight and had issue.
3. Alexander II of Scotland (1198–1249).
4. Marjorie (1200 – 17 November 1244), married Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke.

Out of wedlock, William I had numerous children, their descendants being among those who would lay claim to the Scottish crown.

By an unnamed daughter of Adam de Hythus:

1. Margaret, married Eustace de Vesci Lord of Alnwick

By Isabel d'Avenel:

1. Robert de London
2. Henry de Galightly, father of Patrick Galightly one of the competitors to the crown in 1291
3. Ada Fitzwilliam (c.1146-1200), married Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar (1152–1232)
4. Aufrica, married William de Say, and whose grandson Roger de Mandeville was one of the competitors to the crown in 1291
5. Isabella Mac William married Robert III de Brus then Robert Furfan de Ros, Magna Carta Suretor

Fictional portrayals

William I has been depicted in a historical fantasy novel. :

• An Earthly Knight (2003) by Janet McNaughton. The novel is set in the year 1162. William, younger brother and heir to Malcolm IV of Scotland, is betrothed to Lady Jeanette "Jenny" Avenel. She is the second daughter of a Norman nobleman and the marriage politically advances her family. But she is romantically interested in Tam Lin, a man enchanted by the Fairy Queen.

Ancestry

Family of William the Lion

16. Duncan I of Scotland               8. Malcolm III of Scotland                       17. Suthen               4. David I of Scotland                             18. Edward the Exile               9. Saint Margaret of Scotland                       19. Agatha               2. Henry, Earl of Northumbria                                   20. Siward, Earl of Northumbria               10. Waltheof II, Earl of Northumbria                       21. Aelfflaed of Bernicia               5. Maud, Countess of Huntingdon                             22. Lambert II, Count of Lens               11. Judith of Lens                       23. Adelaide of Normandy               1. William I of Scotland                                         24. Rodulf II de Warenne               12. William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey                       25. Emma               6. William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey                             13. Gundred, Countess of Surrey                       3. Ada de Warenne                                   28. Henry I of France               14. Hugh I of Vermandois                       29. Anne of Kiev               7. Elizabeth of Vermandois                             30. Herbert IV, Count of Vermandois               15. Adelaide, Countess of Vermandois                       31. Adele of Valois

Sources

• Ashley, Mike. Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. 1998.
• Magnusson, Magnus. Scotland: Story of a Nation. 2001.

External links

William the Lion House of Dunkeld Born: ? c. 1142 Died: 4 December 1214
Regnal titles
Preceded by Malcolm IV	King of Scots 1165–1214	Succeeded by Alexander II
Peerage of England
Preceded by Henry of Scotland	Earl of Northumbria 1152–1157	Forfeit
Preceded by Malcolm IV of Scotland	Earl of Huntingdon 1165–1174	Succeeded by Simon III of St Liz