Women in firefighting

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Sheena Groom, female firefighter after competitive event 2006

Firefighting was formerly an all-male profession. While it is dominated by men in both professional and volunteer contexts today, there are women who fight fire alongside their male counterparts.

History and current situation in different countries

Austria

A female fire brigade was formed in 1912 with an initial recruitment of 60 women.[1] In more recent times, women were admitted to volunteer fire brigades in 1978,[2] and as professionals in 1993.[3]

Germany

Volunteer female firefighters worked in Berlin and Breslau, during World War I, but ceased at the end of the war. Women were again recruited during World War II, especially as drivers, continuing until 1955, when they had all been replaced by men. In the GDR, women were extensively used in support roles, but not as front-line firefighters. Women really began to take on all roles in the 1980s. Female professional firefighters now number about 550 (1.3%), and there are 80,000 volunteers (7%).[4]

Norway

Norway got the first documented female firefighters during the 1980s.[5][6] In 2011, 3.7% of the Norwegian firefighters were women.[7]

Hong Kong

The Hong Kong Fire service started recruiting women for control and ambulance staff in the 1980s, but the first firewoman was hired in 1994. As of 2003, there were 111 uniformed females, but only 8 were operational firefighters.[8]

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Shazia Perveen (Born 1990), who hails from Vehari District in Punjab, joined the Rescue 1122 emergency services as a firefighter in 2010. Fighting fire with conflagrations in a field feared even by most men. Shazia’s determination is acknowledged by her male counterparts.[9]

India

In 2003, the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services appointed 1975 Born Priya Ravichandran as a Divisional fire officer, making her one of the first female fire officers in the country. First one to win Anna Medal for Bravery in Tamil Nadu[10] In 2013, the department inducted its second batch of women firefighters.[11]

In 2009, a proposal was mooted in the Chandigarh Municipal Corporation to allow women into the fire services.[12]

In 2012, the Mumbai Fire Brigade inducted five women firefighters, making them the first in the history of the organisation.[13]

Japan

As of 2003 the Tokyo Fire Department had 666 female firefighters, 3.8% of the total.[8] In 2009, as part of a recruitment drive it was stated that there were 17,000 female fire service staff, though it is not clear how many of these were operational, rather than providing support roles.[14]

Netherlands

Women firefighters go back at least till 1939[15] and accounted for 3.3% of professional firefighters in the Netherlands in 2000.[16]

UK

In Great Britain, Girton Ladies' College had an all-women's fire brigade from 1878 until 1932.[17][18][19] In 1887 it was reported that women employed in a cigar factory in Liverpool had been formed into a fire brigade, and had effectively extinguished a fire at the factory.[20] During the First World War, women's brigades carried out fire-fighting and rescues in the South of England.[21] During the 1920s, women firefighting teams were employed by private fire brigades.[22] At the beginning of the Second World War, 5000 women were recruited for the Auxiliary Fire Service, rising to 7000 in what was then the National Fire Service. Though trained in firefighting, they were not there for that purpose but for driving, firewatching etc. Many received awards for heroism.[23]

The first women to form an official part of a local authority Fire Service were associated with Gordonstoun School near Elgin in Scotland, where staff and pupils had supported a volunteer unit of the local Grampian Fire Brigade since the school's return from Wales in 1948.[24] Gordonstoun became co-educational in 1972 and trained women as firefighters from 1975, but these initially operated only within the school, not being permitted by the Brigade to join the official unit. The turning point took place in 1976, when the scale of a forest fire on Ben Aigan near Craigellachie on Speyside led the Brigade to seek volunteers from the local community to help fight the fire. Alongside personnel from local Royal Air Force bases, a group of trained women firefighters from Gordonstoun attended, and the performance and endurance of this group over seven days and nights of firefighting led the Grampian Fire Authority to agree to allow women to take on official front-line firefighting roles in the Brigade for the first time.[25] The first woman to attend a fire as an official member of a local authority Fire Brigade was Gordonstoun pupil Bridget Koch, who attended a house fire on Coulardbank Road in Lossiemouth with a Grampian crew from Gordonstoun on 19 October 1978.[25]

The first woman actually appointed as a public firefighter in peacetime was in 1982 to the London Fire Brigade (LFB). As of 2012 there are 257 female firefighters in the LFB.[26] As of March 2007 the proportion of operational firefighters in the U.K. who were women was 3.1%.[27]

The highest ranking female firefighter is Rebecca Bryant who is the Chief Officer of the Staffordshire Fire And Rescue Service Another British Fire-fighter is Tina Simpson. She was one of the longest serving in the Truro distinct. Sadly she had to retire early on but she now inspires the youth of cornwall as a teacher.

U.S.A.

The first known female firefighter of the United States was a slave from New York named Molly Williams, who was said to be "as good a fire laddie as many of the boys," and fought fires during the early 1800s.[17][18] In the 1820s, Marina Betts was a volunteer firefighter in Pittsburgh.[28] Lillie Hitchcock was made an honorary member of the Knickerbocker Engine Company, No. 5., in San Francisco in 1863, and fought fires for some years after.

In the 1910s, there were women's volunteer fire companies in Silver Spring, Maryland, and Los Angeles, California.[18] In 1936 Emma Vernell became the first official female firefighter in New Jersey.[29]

During World War II some women served as firefighters in the United States to replace firemen who joined the military; indeed, during part of the war two fire departments in Illinois were all-female.[18] In 1942 the first all-female forest firefighting crew in California was created.[18]

There were all-female fire companies in Kings County, California, and Woodbine, Texas, in the 1960s. In 1971 an all-female BLM (Bureau of Land Management) firefighting crew fought fires in the wilds of Alaska during the summer of 1971, and an all-female U.S. Forest Service firefighting crew fought fires in 1971 and 1972 in Montana.[18]

The first known female fire chief in the U.S. was Ruth E. Capello. Ruth Capello was born in 1922 and became fire chief of the Butte Falls fire department in Butte Falls, Oregon in 1973. She died at the age of 70 in 1992.[30] Sandra Forcier, the first known paid female firefighter (excluding forest firefighting) in the U.S., began working in North Carolina in 1973; she was a Public Safety Officer, a combination of police officer and firefighter.[31] The first woman to work solely as a paid firefighter (excluding forest firefighting) was Judith Livers, hired by the Arlington County, Virginia, fire department in 1974.[18] The first female head of a career fire department, Chief Rosemary Bliss in Tiburon, California, became fire chief in 1993.[32][33][34] In the United States in 2002, approximately 2% of all firefighters were female.[33]

Terminology

Because of firefighting's historically predominantly male participants, firefighters as a whole were generally called firemen. Now, as more women join the ranks, "firefighter" has become a widely used term that reflects the role and the various forms of gender participation. However the term "fireman" remains popular amongst the general public. The term firewoman is also an accepted female term, although the term fireperson is also an accepted term and is more gender-neutral.

Challenges

Since women have only recently begun to be formally considered firefighters, there have been many difficult adjustments for the fire service, which is a practice steeped in tradition and formalized, para-military relationships.[35]

Facilities

One major hurdle to entrance into firefighting for women was the lack of facilities. The immediate problem of sleeping quarters and bathing areas had to be solved before women could participate fully in firefighting as an occupation and as a culture. Communal showers and open bunk halls were designed for men only. Today, although most stations are now designed to accommodate firefighters of both genders, some female firefighters still face issues related to their gender.

Protective gear

One of the greatest difficulties experienced by most women in the fire service is ill-fitting protective gear. Gear designed for men often will not fit correctly. In an environment where uncovered skin can be almost instantly covered in full-thickness burns, it is essential that protective gear fit properly.

Discrimination

According to a study at Cornell University, "the under-representation of women in firefighting is an alarming inequity that needs to be immediately addressed,” said Francine Moccio, director of the institute and co-author of the report, “A National Report Card on Women in Firefighting,” which was presented at the International Association of Women in Fire and Emergency Services meeting, April 24[citation needed], in Phoenix, Arizona. “Women are not getting recruited and hired because of an occupational culture that is exclusionary and unequal employment practices in recruiting, hiring, assigning and promoting women generally – and women of color in particular – in fire service,” Moccio added.[36]

Sexual dimorphism

According to the publication LA Weekly, "Firefighters pull heavy lengths of hose, climb stairs while wielding giant power tools like chain saws, and lift 180-pound [~81.6-kilogram], 35-foot [~10.6-meters] wooden ladders... Firefighters' physicians say that a human expected to pull the heaviest hose lines must weigh at least 143 pounds [~64.8 kilograms]," and some women go through extensive training, sometimes paid for by the hiring municipality, prior to beginning actual training in a firefighting academy.[37]

There have been occasional charges of some departments lowering standards so that they could hire more women. In 2005, Laura Chick (the LA City Controller) stated in a report that Fire Chief Bamattre lowered physical requirements for female recruits and ordered that women be passed even if they failed their tests.[38]

Sexual harassment

In a survey conducted by Women in the Fire Service in 1995, 551 women in fire departments across the U.S were asked about their experiences with sexual harassment and other forms of job discrimination. Eighty-eight percent of fire service women responding had experienced some form of sexual harassment at some point in their fire service careers or volunteer time. Nearly seventy percent of the women in the survey said they were experiencing ongoing harassment at the time of the study. Of the 339 women who said they had complained about harassment, only a third (115 women) listed only positive outcomes: investigating/taking care of the problem, and disciplining the harasser. Twenty-six percent said they were retaliated against for reporting the incident.[39][dead link] [40]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Daily Mirror 9 July 1912 A New Occupation for Girls - Firewomen in Austria
  2. ↑ regionaut.meinbezirk.at Eine der ersten Feuerwehr-Frauen ist im Ruhestand! (one of the first women firefighters is retiring)
  3. ↑ de.wikipedia.org Österreich Frauen in der Feuerwehr
  4. ↑ Netzwerk Feuerwehrfrauen
  5. ↑ http://www.vg.no/sport/ski/artikkel.php?artid=217803; in Norwegian
  6. ↑ http://www.ta.no/nyheter/article1198918.ece; in Norwegian
  7. ↑ http://www.nrk.no/sorlandet/sliter-med-a-fa-kvinner-inn-i-brannvesenet-1.12325872 (in Norwegian)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Tam, T-k, (2003) A study of the recruitment and selection of female firefighters in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: A comparative perspective (masters thesis) University of Hong Kong
  9. ↑ http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/07/10/national/never-back-down-pakistans-first-female-firefighter-arrives/
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Japan Today Feb 12, 2009 Megumi Yasu serves as poster girl for female firefighter recruitment drive
  15. ↑ http://www.openbeelden.nl The women's fire brigade gives a demonstration
  16. ↑ Shizue Tomoda (2002) Public emergency services: social dialogue in a changing environment(ILO) ISBN 92-2-113399-0
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Fight the Fire: Women Firefighters
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ The Forest Republican., May 11, 1887, page 1, citing the London publication Fireman
  21. ↑ British Pathe Women's Fire Brigade
  22. ↑ Daily Mirror 24 Sep 1923, 26 May 1924, 6 Oct 1924
  23. ↑ London Fire Brigade Women in the Fire Service
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ London Fire Brigade Women in the Brigade
  27. ↑ UK Government Fire and Rescue Service Equality and Diversity Strategy 2008 - 2018
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19731028&id=jg9XAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PUMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6096,4769852
  31. ↑ History of Women in Firefighting
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Associated Press March 17,2002 All-male image burns firefighters
  34. ↑ Mankind, Other Lazy Terms, Return to News Pages – 2011 Women's eNews Inc.
  35. ↑ The Guardian 16 April 2012 "Burning issues for female firefighters"
  36. ↑ Firefighting culture rejects women
  37. ↑ Women Firefighters: The Gender Boondoggle
  38. ↑ Women Firefighters: The Gender Boondoggle
  39. ↑ Issues Concerning Women & Firefighting
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[citation needed]
  41. ↑ International Women's Day 2010

External links

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