Latanoprost
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
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isopropyl (Z)-7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2- [(3R)3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentyl]-cyclopentyl] hept-5-enoate
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| Clinical data | |
| Pronunciation | la-TAN-oh-prost |
| Trade names | Xalatan |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a697003 |
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| Routes of administration |
Topical (eye drops) |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Biological half-life | 17 minutes |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 130209-82-4  |
| ATC code | S01EE01 (WHO) |
| PubChem | CID: 5311221 |
| IUPHAR/BPS | 1961 |
| DrugBank | DB00654 |
| ChemSpider | 4470740 |
| UNII | 6Z5B6HVF6O |
| KEGG | D00356 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:6384 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1051 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C26H40O5 |
| Molecular mass | 432.593 g/mol |
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Latanoprost eye solution is a medication administered into the eyes to control the progression of glaucoma or ocular hypertension by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a prostaglandin analogue (more specifically an analogue of prostaglandin F2α[1]) that lowers the pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes through the uvealsclearal tract.[2] Latanoprost is an isopropyl ester prodrug, meaning it is inactive until it is hydrolyzed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active acid.[3]
Latanoprost was invented by Johan W. Stjernschantz and Bahram Resul, employees of the Pharmacia Corporation of Uppsala, Sweden.[4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[5] It is also known by the brand name of Xalatan manufactured by Pfizer. Annual sales are approximately $1.6 billion. The patent for latanoprost expired in March 2011, and at least one generic version is now widely available in the U.S.
Contents
Medical uses
Ocular hypertension
- In well-controlled clinical trials including patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension (IOP ≥21 mm Hg), monotherapy with latanoprost reduced IOP levels by 22 to 39% over 1 to 12 months’ treatment. Latanoprost was significantly more effective than timolol 0.5% twice daily in 3 of 4 large (n = 163 to 267) randomised, double-blind trials. Latanoprost demonstrated a stable long-term IOP-lowering effect in 1- or 2-year continuations of these trials, with no sign of diminishing effect during prolonged treatment.[6]
- Meta analysis suggests that latanoprost is more effective than timolol in lowering IOP. However, it often causes iris pigmentation. While current evidence suggests that this pigmentation is benign, careful lifetime evaluation of patients is still justified.[7]
Closed-angle glaucoma
- Patients who had elevated IOP despite iridotomy and/or iridectomy (including patients of Asian descent), latanoprost was significantly more effective than timolol in two double-blind, monotherapy trials (8.2 and 8.8 mm Hg vs 5.2 and 5.7 mm Hg for latanoprost vs timolol at 12 and 2 weeks, respectively).[8]
Method of administration
One drop in the affected eye(s) once daily in the evening; do not exceed the once daily dosage.[2]
Adverse effects
Listed from most to least common:
- > 5 – 15%: Blurred vision, burning and stinging, conjunctival hyperemia, foreign body sensation, itching, increased pigmentation of the iris causing (heterochromia), punctate epithelial keratopathy
- 4%: Cold or upper respiratory tract infections, flu-like syndrome
- 1 – 4%: Dry eyes, excessive tearing, eye pain, lid crusting, lid edema, lid erythema (hyperemia), lid pain, photophobia
- 1 – 2%: Chest pain, allergic skin reactions, arthralgia, back pain, myalgia, thickening of the eyelashes.(used,also bimatoprost,in cosmetic industry as eyelash growth enhancers)
- < 1 % (Limited to important or life-threatening): Asthma, herpes keratitis, iritis, keratitis, retinal artery embolus, retinal detachment, toxic epidermal necrolysis, uveitis, vitreous hemorrhage from diabetic retinopathy
- A single case report links latanoprost use to the progression of keratoconus.[9]
Concerns related to adverse effects:
- Bacterial keratitis: Inadvertent contamination of multiple-dose ophthalmic solutions, has caused bacterial keratitis.
- Ocular effects: May permanently change/increase brown pigmentation of the iris, the eyelid skin, and eyelashes. In addition, may increase the length and/or number of eyelashes (may vary between eyes); changes occur slowly and may not be noticeable for months or years. Long-term consequences and potential injury to eye are not known.
- Ocular disease: Use with caution in patients with intraocular inflammation, aphakic patients, pseudophakic patients with a torn posterior lens capsule, or patients with risk factors for macular edema. Safety and efficacy have not been determined for use in patients with angle-closure-, inflammatory-, or neovascular glaucoma.
Special populations
Contact lens wearers: Contains benzalkonium chloride which may be absorbed by contact lenses; remove contacts prior to administration and wait 15 minutes before reinserting
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to latanoprost, benzalkonium chloride, or any component of the formulation
Drug interactions
- Bimatoprost: The concomitant use of Latanoprost and Bimatoprost may result in increased intraocular pressure. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Prostaglandins (Ophthalmic). Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may also enhance the therapeutic effects of Prostaglandins (Ophthalmic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pregnancy
Use in pregnant women is limited due to high incidence of abortion shown in animal experiments. Because of this, latanoprost is classified as Risk factor C (adverse events were observed in animal reproduction studies at maternally toxic doses) according to United States Food and Drug Administration's use-in-pregnancy ratings.[10] Drug excretion in breast milk is unknown and require caution during lactating period. The manufacturer also recommends that caution be exercised when administering latanoprost to nursing women.[2]
Storage
Latanoprost exhibits thermal and solar instability. The concentration of Latanoprost stored at 50 °C will decrease by 10% every 8.25 days. When stored at 70 °C the concentration will decrease by 10% every 1.32 days. Ultraviolet light, for example in sunlight, causes rapid degradation of Latanoprost.[11]
See also
- Bimatoprost, similar structure and effects
- Travoprost
- Tafluprost
References
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- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Huttunen et al. (2011) Prodrugs—from Serendipity to Rational Design. Pharmacol Rev 63:750–771
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- ↑ De Santis, M., Lucchese, A., Carducci, B., Cavaliere, A., De Santis, L., & Merola, A. et al. (2004). Latanoprost exposure in pregnancy. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 138(2), 305.pmid=15289149.1
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- LATANOPROST solution [Greenstone LLC] (Nov 2011), Daily Med, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health
- Xalatan (latanoprost) (Pfizer manufacturer)
