Yahtzee

This article is about the dice game. For the video game journalist, see Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw.

Yahtzee

File:Yahtzee logo.svg Present Yahtzee logo
Players	1+
Age range	8+
Playing time	30 minutes
Random chance	High
Skill(s) required	Luck, probability, strategy

Yahtzee is a dice game made by Milton Bradley (now owned by Hasbro), which was first marketed as "Yatzie" by National Association Service of Toledo, Ohio, in the early 1940s. Yatzie was included in a game set called "LUCK - 15 Grand Dice Games". It was marketed under the name of Yahtzee by game entrepreneur Edwin S. Lowe in 1956. The game is a development of earlier dice games such as Poker Dice, Yacht and Generala. It is also similar to Yatzy, which is popular in Scandinavia.

The object of the game is to score points by rolling five dice to make certain combinations. The dice can be rolled up to three times in a turn to try to make various scoring combinations. A game consists of thirteen rounds. After each round the player chooses which scoring category is to be used for that round. Once a category has been used in the game, it cannot be used again. The scoring categories have varying point values, some of which are fixed values and others where the score depends on the value of the dice. A Yahtzee is five-of-a-kind and scores 50 points; the highest of any category. The winner is the player who scores the most points.

Yahtzee was marketed by the E.S. Lowe Company from 1956 till 1973. In 1973, the Milton Bradley Company purchased the E.S. Lowe Company and assumed the rights to produce and sell Yahtzee. During Lowe's ownership over 40 million Yahtzee games were sold worldwide. The game has maintained its popularity. According to current owner Hasbro, 50 million Yahtzee games are sold each year. A classic edition is currently being marketed by Winning Moves.

History

File:Yahtzee 1956.JPG

The Original 1956 Yahtzee Board Game

The overall concept of Yahtzee traces its roots to a number of traditional dice games. Among these is the Puerto Rican game Generala, and the English games of Poker Dice and Cheerio. Another game, Yap, shows close similarities to Yahtzee; this game was copyrighted by Robert Cissne in 1952.

The most important predecessor of Yahtzee is the dice game named "Yacht", which is an English cousin of Generala and dates back to at least 1938. Wood classifies Yacht, and a similar three-dice game called Crag, as sequence dice games. Yahtzee is similar to Yacht in both name and content. Although Yahtzee is clearly derived from Yacht, it differed from it in a number of significant ways:

• It introduced the upper section bonus.
• It included the three-of-a-kind category.
• In Yacht both straights are a sequence of five ("Big Straight" is 2-3-4-5-6, "Little Straight" is 1-2-3-4-5). Yahtzee introduced the sequence of four straight (the "Small Straight").
• It introduced Yahtzee bonuses and the Joker rule.

There were also a number of scoring differences. The present-day commercial Yahtzee began when toy and game entrepreneur Edwin S. Lowe filed Yahtzee as a trademark with the U.S. Patent Office on April 19, 1956. The first commercial usage of the name Yahtzee was a few weeks earlier on April 3. Lowe classified his product as a "Poker Dice Game."

According to Hasbro, the game was invented by an anonymous Canadian couple, who called it "The Yacht Game" because they played it on their yacht with their friends. Later they asked Lowe if he would make up some sets to be given as gifts to their friends who enjoyed the game. Lowe perceived the possibility of marketing the game, and acquired the rights to the game from the couple in exchange for 1,000 gift sets. This story is expanded by Lowe in the 1973 book, A Toy is Born by Marvin Kaye. According to Lowe, the game did not initially do well commercially, since the rules and appeal were not easily conveyed in an advertisement. Eventually, he had the idea of organizing Yahtzee parties at which people could play the game and thereby gain a first-hand appreciation of it. The idea was successful, and enthusiasts quickly popularized the game through word of mouth.

The E.S. Lowe Company sold Yahtzee from 1956 to 1973. During Lowe's ownership, a number of changes were made to the game's packaging, contents, and appearance. Between 1956 and 1961, the game's advertising slogan was changed from "The Game That Makes You Think While Having Fun" to "The Fun Game That Makes Thinking Fun!"

The game and its contents were copyrighted by Lowe in 1956, 1961, 1967, and 1972. In 1973, Milton Bradley purchased the E.S. Lowe Company and assumed the rights to produce and sell Yahtzee. During Lowe's ownership over 40 million Yahtzee games were sold in America and around the globe. The game has maintained its popularity. According to current owner Hasbro, 50 million Yahtzee games are sold each year.

Over time, the Yahtzee logo has taken several forms. The original version of the logo was used throughout the entire period that the game was produced solely by the Lowe company. After 1973, the logo changed various times. This logo is found on the scorecards and the game boxes.

Rules

File:Yahtzee logo.JPG

Logo of the game as originally published in 1954. It includes a caricature of E. S. Lowe, the person responsible for the game's production.

The game consists of a number of rounds. In each round, a player gets three rolls of the dice, although they can choose to end their turn after one or two rolls. After the first roll the player can save any dice they want and re-roll the other dice. This procedure is repeated after the second roll. The player has complete choice as to which dice to roll. They can re-roll a die for the third roll that was not rolled on the second roll.

The Yahtzee scorecard contains 13 different category boxes and in each round, after the third roll, the player must choose one of these categories. The score entered in the box depends on how well the five dice match the scoring rule for the category. Details of the scoring rules for each category are given below. As an example, one of the categories is called Three-of-a-Kind. The scoring rule for this category means that a player only scores if at least three of the five dice are the same value. The game is completed after 13 rounds by each player, with each of the 13 boxes filled. The total score is calculated by summing all thirteen boxes, together with any bonuses.

The Yahtzee scorecard contains 13 scoring boxes divided between two sections: the upper section and the lower section.

Upper section

In the upper section there are six boxes. The score in each of these boxes is determined by adding the total number of dice matching that box.

Category	Description	Score	Example
Aces	Any combination	The sum of dice with the number 1	40px40px40px40px40px scores 3
Twos	Any combination	The sum of dice with the number 2	40px40px40px40px40px scores 6
Threes	Any combination	The sum of dice with the number 3	40px40px40px40px40px scores 12
Fours	Any combination	The sum of dice with the number 4	40px40px40px40px40px scores 8
Fives	Any combination	The sum of dice with the number 5	40px40px40px40px40px scores 0
Sixes	Any combination	The sum of dice with the number 6	40px40px40px40px40px scores 18

If a player scores a total of 63 or more points in these six boxes, a bonus of 35 is added to the upper section score. Although 63 points corresponds to scoring exactly three-of-a-kind for each of the six boxes, a common way to get the bonus is by scoring four-of-a-kind for some numbers so that fewer of other numbers are needed. A player can earn the bonus even if they score a "0" in an upper section box.

In order to gauge how well a player is doing in the upper section, they often refer to being "up" or "down" compared to the average of three required for each box. So that if a player scores four "sixes" they will be "6 up"; while if they then score just two "twos" they will then be only "4 up". Similarly, if a player starts with two "twos" they will be "2 down".

Lower section

The lower section contains a number of poker-themed categories with specific point values:

Category	Description	Score	Example
Three-Of-A-Kind	At least three dice the same	Sum of all dice	40px40px40px40px40px scores 17
Four-Of-A-Kind	At least four dice the same	Sum of all dice	40px40px40px40px40px scores 24
Full House	Three of one number and two of another	25	40px40px40px40px40px scores 25
Small Straight	Four sequential dice (1-2-3-4, 2-3-4-5, or 3-4-5-6)	30	40px40px40px40px40px scores 30
Large Straight	Five sequential dice (1-2-3-4-5 or 2-3-4-5-6)	40	40px40px40px40px40px scores 40
Yahtzee	All five dice the same	50	40px40px40px40px40px scores 50
Chance	Any combination	Sum of all dice	40px40px40px40px40px scores 13

Some players count a Yahtzee as being a valid Full House. However the official rule is that a Full House is "three of one number and two of another".

Small Straight and Large Straight are sometimes called by different names, either Low Straight and High Straight, Short Straight and Long Straight or Little Straight and Big Straight.

If a category is chosen but the dice do not match the requirements of the category the player scores 0 in that category. Some combinations offer the player a choice as to which category to score them under; e.g., a full house could be scored in the Full House, the Three-Of-A-Kind, or the Chance categories. The Chance category is often used for a turn that will not score well in any other category.

200px
200px

Although Yahtzee is a commercial game with its own components (game set in upper image), the game can also be played with just five dice (such as the dice in the lower image), some pencils or pens and sheets of paper, and the knowledge of the rules and scoring categories.

Yahtzee bonuses and Joker rules

A Yahtzee occurs when all five dice are the same. If a player throws a Yahtzee but the Yahtzee category has already been used, special rules apply.

If the player throws a Yahtzee and has already filled the Yahtzee box with a score of 50, they score a Yahtzee bonus and get an extra 100 points. However, if they throw a Yahtzee and have filled the Yahtzee category with a score of 0, they do not get a Yahtzee bonus.

In either case they then select a category, as usual. Scoring is the same as normal except that, if the Upper Section box corresponding to the Yahtzee has been used, the Full House, Small Straight and Large Straight categories can be used to score 25, 30 or 40 (respectively) even though the dice do not meet the normal requirement for those categories. In this case the Yahtzee is said to act as a "Joker".

There are two alternative versions of the Joker rule used.

Forced Joker rule

In the official rules the player must act in the following way.

• If the corresponding Upper Section box is unused then that category must be used.
• If the corresponding Upper Section box has been used already, a Lower Section box must be used. The Yahtzee acts as a Joker so that the Full House, Small Straight and Large Straight categories can be used to score 25, 30 or 40 (respectively).
• If the corresponding Upper Section box and all Lower Section boxes have been used an unused Upper Section box must be used, scoring 0.

Free choice Joker rule

In the simpler, alternative version of the Joker rule the player retains the free choice as to which category to use, but the Yahtzee can only be used as a Joker if the corresponding Upper Section box has been used. If the corresponding Upper Section box is unused the Yahtzee would score 0 if the Full House, Small Straight or Large Straight categories were chosen.

Original Joker rule

The original game rules released in 1956 contain a difference from the above rules. The booklet stated that additional Yahtzees must be used as Jokers in the Lower Section and did not allow for their use in the Upper Section. This rule was changed when the game was re-copyrighted in 1961.

Winner

The winner is the player with the highest total. The rules do not specify what happens in the event of a tie.

Example game

Example game

Dice shown in black are those kept from the previous roll.

Round	Roll	Dice	Keep or Category	Score
1	1	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	2	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px40px
	3	40px40px40px40px40px	Fours	12
2	1	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	2	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	3	40px40px40px40px40px	Full House	25
3	1	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	2	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px40px40px
	3	40px40px40px40px40px	Twos	8
4	1	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	2	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	3	40px40px40px40px40px	Chance	22
5	1	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	2	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px40px
	3	40px40px40px40px40px	Fives	15
6	1	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	2	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	3	40px40px40px40px40px	Aces	2
7	1	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	2	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	3	40px40px40px40px40px	Small Straight	30
8	1	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	2	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	3	40px40px40px40px40px	Three-Of-A-Kind	21
9	1	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	2	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	3	40px40px40px40px40px	Threes	9
10	1	40px40px40px40px40px	40px
	2	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	3	40px40px40px40px40px	Yahtzee	0
11	1	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px40px
	2	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px40px40px
	3	40px40px40px40px40px	Four-Of-A-Kind	26
12	1	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px40px40px
	2	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px40px40px
	3	40px40px40px40px40px	Large Straight	40
13	1	40px40px40px40px40px	40px
	2	40px40px40px40px40px	40px40px
	3	40px40px40px40px40px	Sixes	18

Completed score card:

UPPER SECTION	SCORE
Aces	2
Twos	8
Threes	9
Fours	12
Fives	15
Sixes	18
TOTAL SCORE	64
BONUS	35
TOTAL Upper Section	99
LOWER SECTION	SCORE
3 of a kind	21
4 of a kind	26
Full House	25
Sm. Straight	30
Lg. Straight	40
YAHTZEE	0
Chance	22
Yahztee Bonus	–
TOTAL Lower Section	164
GRAND TOTAL	263

Strategy

A detailed discussion of the optimal strategy is beyond the scope of this article but certain aspects can be considered here.

Completing a Yahtzee

It is important to understand the probability of completing a Yahtzee. This depends on whether a particular Yahtzee is required or any Yahtzee.

Specific Yahtzee

The probability of completing a specific Yahtzee is shown in the following table.

Number Already Rolled	Before First Roll	Before Second Roll	Before Third Roll
4	-	30.56%	16.67%
3	-	9.34%	2.78%
2	-	2.85%	0.46%
1	-	0.87%	0.08%
0	1.33%	0.27%	0.01%

Any Yahtzee

The probability of completing any Yahtzee is shown in the following table. Keep any Yahtzee, four-of-a-kind, three-of-a-kind or pair that you throw and re-roll the others. With two pairs you can choose either one.

Most Already Rolled	Before First Roll	Before Second Roll	Before Third Roll
4	-	30.56%	16.67%
3	-	9.34%	2.78%
2	-	2.91%	0.46%
1	-	1.26%	0.08%
0	4.60%	-	-

So if you throw a three-of-a-kind on the first roll, the chance of completing a Yahtzee has increased from 4.60% to 9.34%.

Final round

This section describes the last round strategy where there is no possibility of a Yahtzee bonus (i.e. there is a score of 0 in the Yahtzee box). These are the simplest situations to analyse, although even at this late stage the strategy may vary depending on the game situation.

Upper Section box

If the final box is in the upper section, the strategy is simple. Keep any of the number required and re-roll the others. On average you will get 2.11 of the number you require, scoring from 2.11 (for 1s) to 12.64 (for 6s). The distribution is as follows:

Total	Probability
At least 1	93.51%
At least 2	69.88%
At least 3	35.48%
At least 4	10.44%
5	1.33%

Three-Of-A-Kind

There are slightly different strategies depending on whether you are simply just trying to get a three-of-a-kind or you are trying to maximise your average score. Different strategies will also be required should you need to achieve a specific target.

The strategy to maximise your chance of getting a three-of-a-kind involves keeping any three-of-a-kind that you have. If you have a three-of-a-kind then after the first throw keep any other 5s and 6s, while after the second throw keep any other 4s, 5s, and 6s. So that with 22225 you keep 2225 and throw the other 2. If you do not have a three-of-a-kind keep any pair that you have and re-roll the other dice. With two pairs keep the higher pair. With no pair keep the highest die. Following this strategy gives you a 74.32% chance of getting a three-of-a-kind.

This strategy does not maximise the average score since there are a few situations after the first throw, where it is better to keep other combinations. For instance after throwing 11166, keeping 11166 maximises the chance of getting a three-of-a-kind (a guaranteed score of 15) but keeping 66 maximises the expected average score (17.54), although it introduces a significant change of scoring nothing. The situations where the strategy to maximise the average score differs are all after the first throw and are as follows: keep 33, 44, 55, 66 rather than 111 (or 11155, 11166), keep 4, 5 or 6 rather than 11, keep 5 or 6 rather than 22, keep 336 rather than 33. So that with 22456 keep 6 rather than 22 and with 33456 keep 336 not 33. Following the strategy to maximise the average score you will get a three-of-a-kind 71.51% of the time and score an average of 15.19.

Four-Of-A-Kind

As with three-of-a-kind there are slightly different strategies depending on whether you are simply trying to get a four-of-a-kind or you are trying to maximise your average score. Different strategies will also be required should you need to achieve a specific target.

The strategy to maximise your chance of getting a four-of-a-kind involves keeping any four-of-a-kind that you have. If you have a four-of-a-kind then after the first throw keep the other if it is a 5 and 6, while after the second throw keep it if it is a 4, 5 or 6. So that with 22223 you keep 2222 and throw the 3. If you do not have a four-of-a-kind keep any three-of-a-kind or pair that you have and re-roll the other dice. With two pairs keep the higher pair. With no pair keep the highest die. Following this strategy gives you a 29.08% chance of getting a four-of-a-kind.

As with three-of-a-kind this strategy does not maximise the average score since there are a few situations after the first throw, where it is better to keep other combinations. For instance, after throwing 11166, keeping 111 maximises the chance of getting a four-of-a-kind but keeping 66 maximises the expected average score (6.20 rather than 4.18). The situations where the strategy to maximise the average score differs are all after the first throw and are as follows: keep 44, 55, 66 rather than 111, keep 4, 5 or 6 rather than 11, keep 6 rather than 22. Following the strategy to maximise the average score you will get a four-of-a-kind 27.74% of the time and score an average of 5.61.

Full House

Keep a Yahtzee or Full House. A Yahtzee will score 25 under the Joker rule, even though it is not strictly a full house. Keep any four-of-a-kind, three-of-a-kind or pairs that you throw and re-roll the others. With two pairs keep both. On average you will succeed 36.61% of the time and score an average of 9.15.

Small Straight

The strategy is complicated by the fact that, because of the Joker rule, you will score 30 if you get a Yahtzee. Clearly you keep any Small Straight or Yahtzee that you throw. After the first throw keep a run of 3 or 3 out of 4 (e.g. 124) if you have one. Otherwise keep a 3 or 4 (or both) and a 2 or 5 if you also have a 3 or 4 (e.g. with 11245 keep 24 but with 11255 keep nothing). Do not keep just 2, 5 or 25. The only difference after the second throw is that you keep 1111, 2222, 5555 and 6666 and try to throw a Yahtzee unless the other die is a 3 or 4.

On average you will succeed 61.60% of the time and score an average of 18.48.

Large Straight

Again the strategy is complicated by the fact that, because of the Joker rule, you will score 40 if you get a Yahtzee. Clearly you keep any Large Straight or Yahtzee that you throw. The best strategy is also to keep a four-of-a-kind and try to throw a Yahtzee, even after the first throw. Do not keep a three-of-a-kind. Keep a small straight or 4 out of 5 (e.g. 1235) if you have one. Otherwise simply keep any 2, 3, 4 or 5 (just one of each), so that with 12256 you would keep 25.

On average you will succeed 26.53% of the time and score an average of 10.61.

Yahtzee

Keep any Yahtzee, four-of-a-kind, three-of-a-kind or pair that you throw and re-roll the others. On average you will succeed 4.60% of the time and score an average of 2.30.

Chance

To get the maximum average score the strategy is straightforward. After the first throw keep any 5s and 6s. After the second throw keep any 4s, 5s, and 6s. On average you will score 23.33. Different strategies will be required when you need to achieve a specific target.

Optimal strategy

The strategy for maximizing the expected score has been determined. The average score when using this strategy is 254.59. This average is based on calculations using the "free choice Joker rule".

It is important to note that the "Optimal" strategy simply maximises the average score. It does not maximise your chances of winning a game. There are two main reasons for this.

Firstly, the Optimal strategy takes no account of any opponents. In normal gameplay a player will adjust their strategy depending on the scores of the other player or players.

Secondly, the Optimal strategy tends to give undue importance to Yahtzee bonuses. It is rare for a player without a Yahtzee bonus to beat a player with one. So, in normal gameplay, a players' strategy is not significantly influenced by the value given for a Yahtzee bonus. Consider the situation where the Yahtzee bonus was worth a million rather than a hundred. It would not influence normal gameplay where the objective is to score more than the opponent. It would, however, affect the "Optimal" strategy since scoring a million would have a dramatic effect on the average score. The "Optimal" strategy would be dominated by the prospect of a Yahtzee bonus. Even with a Yahtzee bonus worth 100 the "Optimal" strategy tends to give too much importance to Yahtzee bonuses.

Despite these limitations the "Optimal" strategy does provide a useful guide as to the best strategy, especially in the early rounds. The "Optimal" strategy for the first round is described in the next section. After the first round, the number of different games rapidly makes detailed analysis difficult but, in the early rounds, players generally simply adapt the first round strategy based on the boxes used. For instance if a player throws 15566 in the first round they will keep 66 but if the 6s box was used in the first round and they throw 15566 in the second round they will naturally keep 55 instead.

The following table shows the average score obtained using the Optimal strategy and the proportion of the time that zero is scored in a particular category:

Category	Average score	Zero score
Aces	1.88	10.84%
Twos	5.28	1.80%
Threes	8.57	0.95%
Fours	12.16	0.60%
Fives	15.69	0.50%
Sixes	19.19	0.53%
Bonus	23.84	31.88%
Three-of-a-Kind	21.66	3.26%
Four-of-a-Kind	13.10	36.34%
Full House	22.59	9.63%
Small Straight	29.46	1.80%
Large Straight	32.71	18.22%
Yahtzee	16.87	66.26%
Chance	22.01	-
Yahtzee Bonus	9.58	91.76%
TOTAL	254.59	-

The bonus is made in 68% of games but in only 1% of games does the player get exactly 3-of-a-kind of each Upper Section category. In a further 5% of games the player get at least 3-of-a-kind in each of these categories and 4-of-a-kind in one or more then. In the remaining 62% of games, there is at least one category which scores a pair or less but the bonus is achieved by scoring one or more 4-of-a-kind in the Upper Section. It is possible to calculate the maximum average score with different rules. When the rules are changed so that there is no Upper Section bonus the average score drops from 254.59 to 237.84, a reduction of 16.75. This compares with an average bonus score of 23.84 and shows that changes to the strategy to improve the chance of getting the bonus are to the detriment of the other scores; the average score in the other boxes drops by 7.09.

A Yahtzee is scored in about 34% of games while a Yahtzee bonus is scored in about 8% of games. A second Yahtzee bonus occurs about 1% of the time while a third one is scored in about 0.1% of games. The average number of Yahtzees thrown in a game is 0.46. This includes about 3% of games where a Yahtzee is thrown after 0 has been scored in the Yahtzee box and although it does score something, it is not scored as a Yahtzee or Yahtzee bonus.

In about 3.7% of games a Yahtzee is used as a Joker and scored on Full House, Small Straight or Large Straight. In most of these cases the Yahtzee box has a score of 50 and so the Yahtzee also counts as a Yahtzee bonus. In about a quarter of these cases the Yahtzee box has a score 0 and so there is no Yahtzee bonus.

Although the average score is 254.59 the Median score is 248 The Mode is 266 which occurs 1.26% of the time. The 1st Percentile is 151 (i.e. 1% of scores are 151 or less) while the 99th Percentile is 473 (i.e. 99% of scores are 473 or less).

First round

Source:

The strategy for the first round described here is based on that used by the "Optimal" strategy. Sometimes there are two possible plays which are almost equally good. In these cases the simplest option is given, i.e. the one that follows the general rules.

Although there are 7776 different ways of throwing 5 dice, because the order of the dice is not important there are only 252 different combinations. To use the strategy described therefore requires knowing 756 different situations.

Second and third roll choices

The general principle after the first and second throws is to keep the largest number of similar dice and rethrow the rest. When you have a full house keep the three-of-a-kind. When you have two pairs keep the higher pair and rethrow the other three dice. If you have a large straight, keep it. If you have a small straight, keep it and re-roll the fifth die. If all the dice are different and there is no straight, keep just the 5. There are a number of exceptions to these rules. These exceptions are different for the second and third rolls.

Exceptions before the second roll:

• with a full house containing three 1s, keep all the dice and put in the Full House box.
• with 12344 keep the pair not the small straight.
• with a 3456 and a pair keep the pair not the small straight.
• with a pair of 1s keep, in order of preference, 345, 5, 4 or 6, not the pair of 1s.

So, before the second roll you never keep two pairs, never keep a pair of 1s and never throw all the dice again.

Exceptions before the third roll:

• with a full house containing three 1s, three 2s or three 3s, keep all the dice and put in the Full House box.
• with a pair of 1s and a pair of 2s or with a pair of 1s and a pair of 3s, keep both pairs.
• with 11345 keep 345 not the pair.
• with 12456 keep 456 not just the 5.

So there are specific differences compared to the second roll. Now keep the Full House if the three-of-a-kind is 2 or 3 and keep two pairs when they are 1 and 2 or 1 and 3. Keep all large and small straights. Normally keep a pair of 1s (although 345 is still better) and keep 456 rather than 5 when all the dice are different.

Category choice

In about 80% of games you will either have at least a 3-of-a-kind or a straight. If you have any of the following put it in the appropriate Lower Section box: Yahtzee, full house, large straight, small straight. With a 4-of-a-kind or 3-of-a-kind put it in the appropriate Upper Section box. The only exception is that when you have a 3-of-a-kind where the sum of the dice is 25 or more you should use the 3-of-a-kind box. The 4-of-a-kind box is never used in the first round.

In the remaining 20% of cases you will have a poor hand: two pairs, one pair or all dice different. In these situations there is no appealing option, the choice being between using an Upper Section box and using Chance. With two pairs follow the rule for the lower of the two pairs you have. The rule depends on whether your pair (or smaller pair) is low (1, 2 or 3) or high (4, 5 or 6):

• with a low pair use the appropriate Upper Section box (1s, 2s or 3s) unless the sum of the dice is 22 or more in which case use the Chance box.
• with a high pair use the 1s box unless the sum of the dice is 20 or more in which case use the Chance box. The only exception is that with 23446 you should use the Chance box even though it only scores 19.
• with all dice different use the 1s box.

Best and worst outcome

The best outcome in the first round is to throw a Yahtzee and put it in the Yahtzee box. This increases the final expected score from 254.59 to 320.84. Putting a Yahtzee of 6s in the 6s box results in an expected score of just 279.48. The second best outcome is to score 24 in the 6s box. This has a value of 268.23. Putting 56666 in the 4-of-a-kind box has a value of 264.54.

The worst first roll is 11236 which has a value of 249.83. After the second roll the worst position is 12356 which then has a value of 244.91. The worst third roll is 23446 which has a value of 238.96 when put it in the Chance box.

Extreme scores

Maximum score

The highest possible score is 1,575 and involves throwing 13 Yahtzees, scoring 12 Yahtzee bonuses of 100 points each, as well as 375 in the other categories.

The 375 is achieved by scoring five aces (5), five twos (10), five threes (15), five fours (20), five fives (25), five sixes (30), the Upper Section bonus (35), five sixes scored as Three-of-a-kind (30), five sixes scored as a Four-of-a-kind (30), a Full House (25), a Small Straight (30), a Large Straight (40), a Yahtzee (50), and five sixes scored as Chance (30). The score of 1,575 requires using the "Joker" rules for the Full House, Small Straight and Large Straight categories.

In order to score 1,575 the player must throw 13 successive Yahtzees. The probability of a getting a Yahtzee, if that is your sole objective, is 4.60% and so the probability of a player rolling 13 Yahtzees in a row (if that was their sole objective) is 4.60% raised to the 13th power or 4.16e-18. The probability of scoring 1,575 (if that was your sole objective) is less than this since to score the maximum you would need at least one of each number (after the first round) to fill the Upper Section and a further three 6 Yahtzees to score 30 in the Three-of-a-kind, Four-of-a-kind and Chance categories. In about 18% of Yahtzees the player has some choice over the dice to keep. This most frequently happens when a player rolls two pairs. This means that a player can slightly increase the chance of getting a 6 Yahtzee without reducing the chance of getting a Yahtzee.

In normal gameplay the probability of scoring 1,575 is considerably less. Using the strategy that maximizes the average score, the probability of scoring 1,575 is 1.38e-20.

Other high scores

For a player following the strategy which maximises the chance of getting a Yahtzee, the probability of scoring a particular number of Yahtzees follows a binomial distribution and is shown in the following table.

Yahtzees Rolled	Probability	Chance
1 or more	45.80%	1 in 2.18
2 or more	11.81%	1 in 8.47
3 or more	1.97%	1 in 50.7
4 or more	0.210%	1 in 436
5 or more	1.82e-4	1 in 5,140
6 or more	1.17e-5	1 in 81,200
7 or more	5.66e-7	1 in 1,700,000
8 or more	2.05e-8	1 in 47,500,000

A player must throw at least 8 Yahtzees in order to score 1000. Throwing 8 Yahtzees will score 750 for the Yahtzee and Yahtzee bonuses. The 7 Yahtzees after the first throw will generally score highly, including the opportunity of using the Joker rule to score in, for instance, the Large Straight category. This means that a player throwing 8 Yahtzees will often be able to score 1,000.

In normal gameplay the probability of scoring this number of Yahtzees is considerably less. The following table shows the probability of getting certain scores using the "Optimal" strategy.

Score	Probability	Chance
400 or more	3.84%	1 in 25.5
500 or more	0.719%	1 in 139
600 or more	8.96e-4	1 in 1,120
700 or more	7.50e-5	1 in 13,300
800 or more	4.36e-6	1 in 229,000
900 or more	1.83e-7	1 in 5,480,000
1000 or more	5.58e-9	1 in 179,000,000

Minimum score

The lowest possible score is 5. The Chance box always scores the sum of the dice, so that a minimum of 5 must be scored in that category.

The strategy that works to maximize the average expected score will under worst case conditions score a minimum of 12 points, but cautious play will guarantee a minimum score of 18.

You will get a score of 18 if you throw 11223 each round and then, whatever you re-throw, get 11223 again after the second and third throws, scoring 2 in the 1s box, 4 in the 2s box, 3 in the 3s box and 9 for the Chance category.

Scoring the minimum of 12, when attempting to maximise your average score, is less likely than scoring the maximum of 1,575 but is theoretically possible. Suppose that in the first two rounds you have 12355 after each roll. This would happen if you throw 12355 on the first roll and then, whatever dice you re-throw, getting the same combination again. For instance, you keep 55, rethrow the 123, and still get 12355. The optimal strategy will use the 1s box in the first round, scoring 1, and the 2s box in the second round, scoring 2. Now suppose that for the next 3 rounds you have 11226 after each roll. Again this is possible since you may throw 11226 on the first roll and then get the same when you re-throw some of dice. The optimal strategy will use the four-of-a-kind and Yahtzees boxes in the third and fourth rounds and then the 3s box in the fifth round, scoring 0 each time. For the last 8 rounds suppose you have 11223 after each roll. You will score 0 in all the remaining categories except Chance where you will score 9, giving a total of 12.

Commercial versions

Deluxe and collector editions

Deluxe edition games have been sold alongside the regular issue games since the early 1960s. They all contain components that are more luxurious than standard game parts. In recent years, a number of collector issue Yahtzees have been sold as well. Some of these collector issues have dice that replace the pips with certain symbols connected to a theme, but still correspond to the numbers one to six.

Travel Yahtzee

File:Travel Yahtzee 1986.jpg

1986 Travel Yahtzee

Since the 1970s, Travel Yahtzee has been sold in various forms as part of Milton Bradley's line of travel games.

• In the past, the travel form of Yahtzee was composed of the five dice contained in a special apparatus (see image at the right). "Rolling" the dice is initiated by turning the apparatus over, running it on one hand and turning the apparatus upright to see the faces of the dice. Dice to be saved for the next roll are locked by snapping the reverse of the apparatus.
• Currently, a zip-up cloth deluxe folio edition is sold. It consists of the set of dice, the cup, the scorecards, and a tray for the dice to roll on, which includes a holder for the dice to be saved for the next roll. The cup has an oblong lip for easy storage.
• In addition to the game folio, Hasbro also released Yahtzee to Go. It comes with a dice cup that stores the dice & contents. similar to the original Travel Yahtzee only without the apparatus. This is sold in tandem with the game folio.
• There also exists a red circular travel edition, which includes the dice and scorecards, as well as a collapsible cup and detachable dice holder. The bottom half of the case acts as a dice tray. It should be noted that this one uses a different logo from the standard one (the name of the game in uppercase with an exclamation point in front of a green oval) and it is sold outside of the United States.
• There are also miniature versions of the game, sold in sets contained either in cups that act as keychains (by the company Basic Fun) or in specially shaped pens (by the company Stylus).

Electronic versions

Various Yahtzee console games have been sold over the years including an early version on the TI-99 4A computer. In 1996, the game was first released to PC and Mac users by Atari. The Ultimate Yahtzee CD-ROM game contained standard Yahtzee as well as other varieties. Later, GameHouse also released an authorized special version of the game for Windows users.

There are also several electronic versions of the game such as a handheld LCD version, and a cell phone version called Yahtzee Deluxe, which feature the original rules along with Duplicate and Rainbow modes, as well as independently produced versions for the Palm OS and Pocket PC and several cellphone models. The version for the Nintendo Game Boy was licensed from Hasbro and was produced by DSI Games and Black Lantern Studios Inc. It was sold in a three pack that included Life, Payday, and Yahtzee. The game has also been released for the iPod, iPod touch and the iPhone, to be purchased through the iTunes Store, as well as Google Play. Both the iOS App and the Android App are published by Scopely. Yahtzee is available on the Xbox 360 in the Family Game Night game by Hasbro. Pogo.com released a version in 2009, and the game is also available on the Pogo Facebook site as well.

Yatzy Ultimate® is another very popular electronic version that is available on most major platforms. The players can play offline against computer opponents, online against the house, with random online players or with their buddies. It is available for Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Windows 8 and Facebook.

Related games

Main article: Games related to Yahtzee

A number of related games under the Yahtzee brand have been produced. They all commonly use dice as the primary tool for gameplay, but all differ generally. As Yahtzee itself has been sold since 1954, the variants released over the years are more recent in comparison, with the oldest one, Triple Yahtzee, developed in 1972, eighteen years after the introduction of the parent game. In addition, the 1970s television game show Spin-Off was based on Yahtzee. Another, similarly short-lived, TV game show adaptation, Yahtzee, was syndicated to local stations during 1988 season.

Online versions

There are a large number of versions of Yahtzee which can played online or are available to download.

• "Open Yahtzee" is an cross-platform open-source (free) version of Yahtzee for one player.

Similar games

There are a large number of related games. Yatzy is one of the most popular. Yatzy rules and scoring categories are somewhat different from Yahtzee:

• The bonus for reaching 63 or more points in the Upper Section is normally 50 points.
• There are two extra boxes for the "One Pair" and "Two Pair" categories. These score the total of the pair(s) involved. For instance, 5-5-4-4-1 will score 10 points in the One Pair box and 18 in the Two Pair box. In the Two Pair category, the pairs must be different.
• The Three-of-a-Kind and Four-of-a-Kind categories are scored using the total of the needed number of same-faced dice. For instance, 5-5-5-5-6 will score 20 points in Four-of-a-Kind and 15 points in Three-of-a-Kind. This scoring rule is the same as the Four-of-a-Kind scoring used in Yacht.
• Full House scores the total of all dice, as in Yacht.
• Small Straight and Large Straight have the same definitions as in Yacht. A Small Straight is 1-2-3-4-5 and scores 15 points (the total of the dice faces); the Large Straight is 2-3-4-5-6 and scores 20 points (again the combined value of the dice).
• There are no Yahtzee bonuses or Joker rule. Yahtzees can be scored in other categories under the normal scoring rules. For example, a Yahtzee of sixes will score 12 in the One Pair box, 18 in Three-of-a-Kind, 24 in Four-of-a-Kind, 30 in Sixes or Chance and 0 in Two Pair, Full House, Small Straight and Large Straight boxes.

Other related games include:

• Balut is the name of a Danish dice game played by expatriates in many countries all over the world. The name of the game is taken from balut eggs.
• Kismet has dice with multiple colors. Both numbers and colors are taken into account when scoring.

Cultural references

• Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw is a British video games critic currently based in Australia who takes his pseudonym from the game.
• Yahtzee has been cited as a precipitating factor in a case of domestic violence and as the motive for at least one murder.
• The word "Yahtzee" has been used to exclaim excitement when a University of Kentucky football recruit commits to attending the school.
• The tennis player Andy Roddick, after winning a match in which events seemed to go his way, said, in an interview, that everything was "coming up Yahtzee".

External links

• Comprehensive information on rules, gameplay and strategy
• P-Yahtzee, Solution, Variants, Statistics, Tactics
• Yahtzee Online Club. Play singleplayer and multiplayer Yahtzee with friends