Ethernet over twisted pair

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Ethernet over twisted-pair cable
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8P8C plug

Ethernet over twisted pair technologies use twisted-pair cables for the physical layer of an Ethernet computer network. They are a subset of all Ethernet physical layers.

Early Ethernet had used various grades of coaxial cable, but in 1984, StarLAN showed the potential of simple unshielded twisted pair. This led to the development of 10BASE-T and its successors 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T and 10GBASE-T, supporting speeds of 10, 100 Mbit/s and 1 and 10 Gbit/s respectively.[lower-alpha 1]

All these standards use 8P8C connectors,[lower-alpha 2] and the cables from Cat 3 to Cat 8.[lower-alpha 3]

History

The first two early designs of twisted pair networking were StarLAN, standardized by the IEEE Standards Association as IEEE 802.3e in 1986, at one megabit per second,[2] and LattisNet, developed in January 1987, at 10 megabit per second.[3][4] Both were developed before the 10BASE-T standard (published in 1990 as IEEE 802.3i) and used different signalling, so they were not directly compatible with it.[5]

In 1988 AT&T released StarLAN 10, named for working at 10 Mbit/s.[6] The StarLAN 10 signalling was used as the basis of 10BASE-T, with the addition of link beat to quickly indicate connection status.[lower-alpha 4]

Using twisted pair cabling, in a star topology, for Ethernet addressed several weaknesses of the previous standards:

  • Twisted pair cables were already in use for telephone service and were already present in many office buildings, lowering overall cost
  • The centralized star topology already in use for telephone service and was a more common approach to cabling than the bus in earlier standards and easier to manage
  • Using point-to-point links was less prone to failure and greatly simplified troubleshooting compared to a shared bus
  • Exchanging cheap repeater hubs for more advanced switching hubs provided a viable upgrade path
  • Mixing different speeds in a single network became possible with the arrival of Fast Ethernet
  • Depending on cable grades, subsequent upgrading to Gigabit Ethernet or faster could be accomplished by replacing the network switches

Although 10BASE-T is rarely used as a normal-operation signaling rate today, it is still in wide use with NICs in Wake-on-LAN power-down mode and for special, low-power, low-bandwidth applications. 10BASE-T is still supported on most twisted-pair Ethernet ports with up to Gigabit Ethernet speed.

Naming

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See also: Ethernet physical layer § Naming conventions

The common names for the standards derive from aspects of the physical media. The leading number (10 in 10BASE-T) refers to the transmission speed in Mbit/s. BASE denotes that baseband transmission is used. The T designates twisted pair cable. Where there are several standards for the same transmission speed, they are distinguished by a letter or digit following the T, such as TX or T4, referring to the encoding method and number of lanes.[8]

Cabling

8P8C modular plug pin positioning
TIA/EIA-568 T568A termination
Pin Pair Wire[lower-alpha 5] Color
1 3 tip Pair 3 Wire 1 white/green
2 3 ring Pair 3 Wire 2 green
3 2 tip Pair 2 Wire 1 white/orange
4 1 ring Pair 1 Wire 2 blue
5 1 tip Pair 1 Wire 1 white/blue
6 2 ring Pair 2 Wire 2 orange
7 4 tip Pair 4 Wire 1 white/brown
8 4 ring Pair 4 Wire 2 brown
TIA/EIA-568 T568B termination
Pin Pair Wire[lower-alpha 5] Color
1 2 tip Pair 2 Wire 1 white/orange
2 2 ring Pair 2 Wire 2 orange
3 3 tip Pair 3 Wire 1 white/green
4 1 ring Pair 1 Wire 2 blue
5 1 tip Pair 1 Wire 1 white/blue
6 3 ring Pair 3 Wire 2 green
7 4 tip Pair 4 Wire 1 white/brown
8 4 ring Pair 4 Wire 2 brown

Most Ethernet cables are wired "straight-through" (pin 1 to pin 1, pin 2 to pin 2 and so on). In some instances the "crossover" form (receive to transmit and transmit to receive) may still be required.

Cables for Ethernet may be wired to either the T568A or T568B termination standards at both ends of the cable. Since these standards differ only in that they swap the positions of the two pairs used for transmitting and receiving, a cable with T568A wiring at one end and T568B wiring at the other results in a crossover cable.

A 10BASE-T or 100BASE-TX node such as a PC uses a connector wiring called medium dependent interfaces (MDI), transmitting on pin 1 and 2 and receiving on pin 3 and 6 to a network device. An infrastructure node (a hub or a switch) accordingly uses a connector wiring called MDI-X, transmitting on pin 3 and 6 and receiving on pin 1 and 2. These ports are connected using a "straight-through" cable, so each transmitter talks to the receiver on the other side.

Nodes can have two types of ports: MDI (uplink port) or MDI-X (regular port, 'X' for internal crossover). Hubs and switches have regular ports. Routers, servers and end hosts (e.g. personal computers) have uplink ports. When two nodes having the same type of ports need to be connected, a crossover cable is often required at speeds of 10 or 100 Mbit/s, else connecting nodes having different type of ports (i.e. MDI to MDI-X and vice versa) requires straight-through cable. Thus connecting an end host to a hub or switch requires a straight-through cable. On switches/hubs sometimes a button is provided to allow a port to act as either a normal (regular) or an uplink port, i.e. using MDI-X or MDI pinout respectively.

Many modern Ethernet host adapters can automatically detect another computer connected with a straight-through cable and then automatically introduce the required crossover, if needed; if neither of the adapters has this capability, then a crossover cable is required. Most newer switches have automatic crossover ("auto MDI-X" or "auto-uplink") on all ports, eliminating the uplink port and the MDI/MDI-X switch, and allowing all connections to be made with straight-through cables. If both devices being connected support 1000BASE-T according to the standards, they will connect regardless of whether a straight-through or crossover cable is used.[9]

A 10BASE-T transmitter sends two differential voltages, +2.5 V or −2.5 V.

100BASE-TX follows the same wiring patterns as 10BASE-T, but is more sensitive to wire quality and length, due to the higher bit rates.

A 100BASE-TX transmitter sends three differential voltages, +1 V, 0 V, or −1 V.[10]

1000BASE-T uses all four pairs bi-directionally using hybrid circuits and cancellers.[11] The standard includes auto MDI-X; however, implementation is optional. With the way that 1000BASE-T implements signaling, how the cable is wired is immaterial in actual usage. The standard on copper twisted pair is IEEE 802.3ab for Cat 5e UTP, or 4D-PAM5; four dimensions using PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) with five voltages, −2 V, −1 V, 0 V, +1 V, and +2 V.[12] While +2 V to −2 V voltage may appear at the pins of the line driver, the voltage on the cable is nominally +1 V, +0.5 V, 0 V, −0.5 V and −1 V.[13]

100BASE-TX and 1000BASE-T were both designed to require a minimum of Category 5 cable and also specify a maximum cable length of 100 meters. Category 5 cable has since been deprecated and new installations use Category 5e.

Unlike earlier Ethernet standards using broadband and coaxial cable, such as 10BASE5 (thicknet) and 10BASE2 (thinnet), 10BASE-T does not specify the exact type of wiring to be used, but instead specifies certain characteristics that a cable must meet. This was done in anticipation of using 10BASE-T in existing twisted-pair wiring systems that may not conform to any specified wiring standard. Some of the specified characteristics are attenuation, characteristic impedance, timing jitter, propagation delay, and several types of noise. Cable testers are widely available to check these parameters to determine if a cable can be used with 10BASE-T. These characteristics are expected to be met by 100 meters of 24-gauge unshielded twisted-pair cable. However, with high quality cabling, cable runs of 150 meters or longer are often obtained and are considered viable by most technicians familiar with the 10BASE-T specification.[citation needed]

Shared cable

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Main article: Category 5 cable § Shared cable

10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX only require two pairs (pins 1–2, 3–6) to operate. Since Category 5 cable has four pairs, it is possible, but not necessarily standards compliant, to use the spare pairs (pins 4–5, 7–8) in 10- and 100-Mbit/s configurations. The spare pairs may be used for Power over Ethernet (PoE), or two phone lines, or a second 10BASE-T or 100BASE-TX connection. In practice, great care must be taken to separate these pairs as most 10/100-Mbit/s hubs, switches, and PCs electrically terminate the unused pins.[citation needed] Moreover, 1000BASE-T requires all four pairs to operate.

Single-pair

In addition to the more computer-oriented two and four-pair variants, the 100BASE-T1 and 1000BASE-T1 single-pair Ethernet PHYs (SPE) are intended for automotive applications or as optional data channels in other applications.[14] The single pair operates at full duplex and has a maximum reach of 15 m (100BASE-T1, 1000BASE-T1 link segment type A) or up to 40 m (1000BASE-T1 link segment type B) with up to four in-line connectors. Both PHYs require a balanced twisted pair with an impedance to 100 Ω. The cable must be capable of transmitting 600 MHz for 1000BASE-T1 and 66 MHz for 100BASE-T1.

Similar to PoE, Power over Data Lines (PoDL) can provide up to 50 W to a device.[15]

Autonegotiation and duplex

Ethernet over twisted pair standards up to Gigabit Ethernet define both full-duplex and half-duplex communication. However, half-duplex operation for gigabit speed isn't supported by any existing hardware.[16][17] Higher speed standards, 2.5GBASE-T up to 40GBASE-T[18] running at 2.5 to 40 Gbit/s, consequently define only full-duplex point-to-point links which are generally connected by network switches, and don't support the traditional shared-medium CSMA/CD operation.[19]

Many different modes of operations (10BASE-T half duplex, 10BASE-T full duplex, 100BASE-TX half duplex, ...) exist for Ethernet over twisted pair, and most network adapters are capable of different modes of operation. 1000BASE-T requires autonegotiation to be on in order to operate.

When two linked interfaces are set to different duplex modes, the effect of this duplex mismatch is a network that functions much more slowly than its nominal speed. Duplex mismatch may be inadvertently caused when an administrator configures an interface to a fixed mode (e.g. 100 Mbit/s full duplex) and fails to configure the remote interface, leaving it set to autonegotiate. Then, when the autonegotiation process fails, half duplex is assumed by the autonegotiating side of the link.

Variants

Comparison of twisted pair based ethernet technologies

Comparison of twisted pair based Ethernet technologies
Name Standard Status Speed[upper-alpha 1]
(Mbit/s)		 Lanes per
direction[upper-alpha 2]		 Bits
per
hertz[upper-alpha 3]		 Modulation Spectral
BW[upper-alpha 4] (MHz)		 Maximum
distance
(m)		 Twisted
pairs
used		 Cable
req. [upper-alpha 5]		 Cable
rating
(MHz)		 Usage
StarLAN-1 802.3e-1987 obsolete 1 1 1 PE 1 250 2 voice
grade		 LAN
StarLAN-10 802.3e-1988 obsolete 10 1 1 PE 10 250 2 voice
grade		 LAN
LattisNet (pre) 802.3i-1990 obsolete 10 1 1 PE 10 100 2 voice
grade		 LAN
10BASE-T 802.3i-1990 (CL14) Legacy 10 1 1 PE 10 100 2 Cat 3 16 LAN
10BASE-T1S 802.3cg-2019 Planned 10 1 ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? ?
100BASE-T1 802.3bw-2015 (CL96) Current 100 1 1,5 PAM3 33,33 15 1 Cat 5e 100 Automotive
100BASE-T2 802.3y-1998 obsolete 100 1 ? LFSR + PAM5 ? 100 2 Cat 3 16 Market Failure
100BASE-T4 802.3u-1995 obsolete 100 3 2,66 ... 8B6T + PAM3 12,5 100 4 Cat 3 16 Market Failure
100BaseVG 802.12-1994 obsolete 100 4 ? ? ? 100 4 Cat 3 16 Market Failure
100BASE-TX 802.3u-1995 Current 100 1 3,2 4B5B + NRZI
+ MLT-3		 62,5 100 2 Cat 5 100 LAN
1000BASE‑T 802.3ab-1999 (CL40) Current 1000 4 4 TCM + 4D/PAM5 62,5 100 4 Cat 5e 100 LAN
1000BASE‑TX TIA/EIA-854 (2001) obsolete 1000 2 ? 8B10B ? 100 2 Cat 6 250 Market Failure
1000BASE-T1 802.3bp-2016 Current 1000 1 ? PAM3 375 15 1 Cat 6A 500 Automotive
2.5GBASE-T 802.3bz-2016 Current 2500 4 6,25 64B65B + PAM16 100 100 4 Cat 5e 100 LAN
5GBASE-T 802.3bz-2016 Current 5000 4 6,25 64B65B + PAM16 200 100 4 Cat 6 250 LAN
10GBASE-T 802.3an-2006 Current 10000 4 6,25 128-DSQ + 64B65B + PAM16 400 100 4 Cat 6A 500 LAN
25GBASE-T 802.3bq-2016 (CL113) in
deployment		 25000 4 6,25 PAM16
× (RS-FEC(192,186)
+ LDPC)		 1000 30 4 Cat 8 2000 Data
Centres
40GBASE-T 802.3bq-2016 (CL113) in
deployment		 40000 4 6,25 PAM16
× (RS-FEC(192,186)
+ LDPC)		 1600 30 4 Cat 8 2000 Data
Centres
  1. ↑ Transfer speed = lanes × bits per hertz × spectral bandwidth
  2. ↑ On 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX one twisted pair of the cabling is used for transmission and another for reception, leaving two unused pairs. Higher speeds use all four pairs simultaneously for transmission (TX) and reception (RX).
  3. ↑ Effective bits per hertz per lane after loss to encoding overhead.
  4. ↑ The spectral bandwidth is the maximum rate at which the signal will complete one hertz cycle. It is typical half the symbol rate, because one can send a symbol both at the positive and negative peak of the cycle. Exceptions are 10BASE-T where it is equal because it uses Manchester code, and 100BASE-TX where it is one quarter because it uses MLT-3 encoding.
  5. ↑ At shorter cable length, it is possible to use cables of a lower grade than that is required for 100 m. For example it is possible to use 10GBASE-T on a Cat 6 cable of 55 m or less. Likewise 5GBASE-T is expected to work with Cat 5e in most use cases.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Generally, the higher-speed implementations support the lower-speed standards making it possible to mix different generations of equipment; with the inclusive capability designated 10/100 or 10/100/1000 for connections that support such combinations.[1]:123
  2. ↑ The 8P8C modular connector is often called RJ45 after a telephone industry standard.
  3. ↑ These cables typically have four pairs of wires though 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX only use two of the pairs.
  4. ↑ By switching link beat on or off, a number of network interface cards at the time could work with either StarLAN 10 or 10BASE-T.[7]
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The terms used in the explanations of the 568 standards, tip and ring, refer to older communication technologies, and equate to the positive and negative parts of the connections.

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (Advertisement)
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ IEEE 802.3 1.2.3 Physical Layer and media notation
  9. ↑ IEEE 802.3 40.1.4 Signaling
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ IEEE 802.3 40.1.3 Operation of 1000BASE-T
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ IEEE 802.3bw Clause 96 and 802.3bp Clause 97
  15. ↑ IEEE 802.3bu-2016 104. Power over Data Lines (PoDL) of Single Balanced Twisted-Pair Ethernet
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Further reading

External links

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