1906 Valparaíso earthquake

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
1906 Valparaíso earthquake
Damage in Valparaíso after the earthquake
Epicentral location
1906 Valparaíso earthquake is located in Chile
1906 Valparaíso earthquake
Date 19:55:39, August 16, 1906 (UTC-4) (1906-08-16T19:55:39UTC-4)
Magnitude 8.2 Mw[1]
Depth 25 km (16 mi)
Epicenter Offshore Valparaíso Region, Chile
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Areas affected Chile
Tsunami Yes
Casualties 3,882 dead[1]

The 1906 Valparaíso earthquake hit Valparaíso, Chile, on August 16 at 19:55 local time. Its epicenter was offshore from the Valparaíso Region, and its intensity was estimated at magnitude 8.2 MW.

Much of Valparaíso was destroyed; there was severe damage in central Chile from Illapel to Talca. The earthquake was felt from Tacna, Peru to Puerto Montt. Reports said the earthquake lasted four minutes. A tsunami was also generated. The earthquake killed a reported 3,886 people.

The record of previous seismic activity includes major earthquakes in 1647, 1730 and 1822.[2] The 1906 disaster was predicted by Captain Arturo Middleton, Chief of the Chilean Army Meteorological Office, in a letter that was published in El Mercurio, one week before it occurred.

Admiral Luis Gómez Carreño ordered the shooting of at least 15 people, who were caught looting after the earthquake.[3] A Board for Reconstruction was formed some weeks after the earthquake. The Seismological Service of Chile was also created. Fernand de Montessus de Ballore was appointed as the first chief executive of the Service.

Background

Chile lies above a convergent plate boundary, an area where the Nazca Plate under the Pacific Ocean is subducted or moved beneath the South American Plate. In the region around Valparaiso, the rate of convergence is about 70 mm/yr.[4] As these two plates converge, it drives the Nazca plate with massive movements called megathrust earthquakes. The 1906 event was one of many large earthquakes in Chile along this plate boundary. Earthquakes can originate at the plate interface itself or within either the subducting or overriding plates.

Citing the conjunction of Neptune with the moon,[5] Captain Arturo Middleton, Chief of the Chilean Army's Meteorological Office, predicted the earthquake in a letter published in the Valparaíso newspaper El Mercurio on August 6.[6] Captain Middleton was severely criticized in the following days, and was qualified as "ignorant and obscurantist."[6]

Earthquake characteristics

On August 16, 1906 at 19:55 local time,[7] while most Chileans were dining, a subterraneous sound was heard, and before it ended, the first tremor occurred, lasting about four minutes.[1] The second tremor occurred at 20:06 and, although it lasted only two minutes, was much more violent.[8] There were numerous aftershocks: at least 56 of them occurred during the first 24 hours after the beginning tremors.[7]

The magnitude of the earthquake has been estimated to be 8.4 ML, 8.2 MW[9] or MS = 8.2–8.3. The energy release has been re-evaluated with an estimated seismic moment of 2.8 x 1028, equivalent to a magnitude of 8.26 MW. The rupture length of the earthquake has been estimated at about 200 km with a focal depth of about 40 km.[10] The focal mechanism, has been assessed using contemporary seismograph records from five stations, which were published soon after the earthquake. The data suggest that the earthquake was probably along the subduction interface. Modelling of a tsunami using these source parameters shows that this earthquake was the origin of the transpacific tsunamis recorded that same day in Hawaii and Japan, rather than the almost contemporaneous 1906 Aleutian Islands earthquake.[10]

The 30-minute time gap between the Aleutian and Chilean earthquakes is thought to be coincidental, with no causal link between the two.[10]

Damage

File:Teatro de la Victoria - Valparaíso, Chile.jpg
Teatro de la Victoria before the earthquake
File:Terremoto Valparaíso 1906-Teatro de la Victoria.JPG
Teatro de la Victoria after the earthquake
File:El Mercurio, 17 de agosto de 1906.jpg
El Mercurio newspaper on 17 August 1906, reporting the earthquake of the day before

The earthquake caused damage throughout Central Chile, from Illapel to Talca.[1] There were several destructive fires in El Almendral (from Plaza de la Victoria to Cerro Barón), Mercado Cardonal, Teatro de la Victoria (Victory Theatre), the Intendencia, the Maritime Government in Sotomayor Square and the Fiscal Dock at the port.[11]

The earthquake was also felt in Santiago, the capital of Chile. The newspaper El Mercurio reported in its August 17 edition that "the earthquake was produced in a violent way since its beginning, and provoked an indescribable panic through all the four thousands of inhabitants of Santiago and an unprecedented terror in the last years. Two or three-story buildings, even the most solid ones such as the National Congress, were swinging like a vessel in the sea. The shakings were so strong that many people thought the earth was going to open itself in deep and long strips.".[12]

According to the University of Chile, there were 3,882 deaths.[1] The earthquake left more than 20,000 injured.[11]

On August 19, Admiral Luis Gómez Carreño was appointed Plaza Port Chief. Gómez ordered the distribution of water and food, removal of corpses and demolition of buildings in risk of collapse, from a tent in Plaza de La Victoria.[3] Adm. Gómez ordered the shooting of at least 15 people who had committed crimes during the aftermath.[3]

Relief efforts

File:Saqueador fusilado-Terrremoto Chile 1906.JPG
Looters were shot by the authorities.

Despite the state of the city, authorities quickly organized themselves into relief groups. Firefighters from other cities of Chile, including Santiago, Concepción and Talcahuano, moved to Valparaíso to help the local Fire Bureau.[13] Physician José Grossi worked to counteract the plagues that followed the earthquake.[8][14]

On August 25, President Germán Riesco and President Pedro Montt arrived at Valparaíso. They arrived there by train, on foot, or horseback to survey the magnitude of the disaster.[12]

Some weeks after the earthquake, a Board for Reconstruction was formed, using money received from other countries.[3]

Aftermath

In 1906, the Seismological Service of Chile (Servicio Sismológico de Chile) was created. Its first chief executive was Fernand de Montessus de Ballore.[15]

The effects of this historic seismic event in the Valpariso rupture zone would be studied and measurable in the context of further activity in this vicinity.[16]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Korrat, I. and R. Madariaga. "Rupture of the Valpariso (Chile) Gap from 1971–1985" in Earthquake Source Mechanics, p. 251., p. 251, at Google Books
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (subscription required)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (subscription required)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (subscription required)
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Korrat, (1986). pp. 247–258., p. 247, at Google Books

References

  • Das, Shamita; John Boatwright and C. H. Scholz. (1986). Earthquake Source Mechanics. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. ISBN 9780875904054; OCLC 13526041

Further reading

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=1906_Valparaíso_earthquake&oldid=716761027"