1966 in poetry
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Contents
- 1 Events
- 2 Works published in English
- 3 Works published in other languages
- 4 Awards and honors
- 5 Births
- 6 Deaths
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes
Events
- Raymond Souster founds the League of Canadian Poets
- Philip Hobsbaum, who had founded The Belfast Group in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in 1963, departs for Glasgow, and the Belfast Group meetings lapsed for a while, but then was reconstituted in 1968 by Michael Allen, Arthur Terry, and Seamus Heaney. At one time or another, the grouping also includes Michael Longley, James Simmons, Paul Muldoon, Ciaran Carson, Stewart Parker, Bernard MacLaverty and the critic Edna Longley. Meetings will be held at Seamus and Marie Heaney's house on Ashley Avenue. The Belfast Group will last until 1972.
- Russian poet Joseph Brodsky returns to Leningrad from the exile near the Arctic Circle where he had been sent when a Soviet court in 1964 convicted him of "parasitism".
- Starting this year and continuing for a decade, Bulgarian censors prevent publication of works by Konstantin Pavlov, poet and screenwriter who was defiant against his country's communist regime; his popularity didn't wane, as Bulgarians clandestinely copied and read his poems.[1]
- Ted Hughes and Daniel Weissbort found Modern Poetry in Translation (MPT), a British journal focusing on the art of translating poetry. Later defunct, the magazine was relaunched in 2004 under editors David and Helen Constantine.[2]
- The journal L'éphémère founded in France; poets associated with it include Yves Bonnefoy, Jacques Dupin and André du Bouchet; it ceased publication in 1973[3]
Works published in English
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Listed by nation where the work was first published (and again by the poet's native land, if different); substantially revised works listed separately:
Canada
- Margaret Avison, The Dumbfounding[4]
- Earle Birney, Selected Poems[5]
- Arthur Bourinot, Watcher of Men: selected poems (1947–66)[6]
- George Bowering, The Silver Wire[5]
- Leonard Cohen, The Parasites of Heaven
- John Robert Colombo, Miraculous Montages[5]
- Robert Finch, Silverthorn Bush and Other Poems.[7]
- Lakshni Gill, During Rain I Plant Chrysanthemums
- Ralph Gustafson, Sift in an Hourglass[5]
- George Johnston, Home Free[5]
- Gwendolyn MacEwen, A Breakfast for Barbarians[5]
- Richard Outram, Exultante Jubilee
- Joe Rosenblatt, The LSD Leacock. Toronto: Coach House Press.[8]
- F.R. Scott, Selected Poems. Toronto: Oxford University Press.[9]
- A. J. M. Smith, and F. R. Scott, editors, The Oxford Book of Canadian Verse, second edition (see also, first edition 1958)[5]
- Raymond Souster, ed. New Wave Canada, anthology of seven young writers[5]
- Miriam Waddington, The Glass Trumpet[5]
India, in English
- Nissim Ezekiel, Collected Poems ( Poetry in English ),[10]
- Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, Bharatmata: A Prayer ( Poetry in English ), an experimental work published by the author's own publishing house; Bombay: Ezra-Fakir Press[11]
- Dom Moraes, Beldam & Others ( Poetry in English ) [12]
- Gieve Patel, Poems ( Poetry in English ), Mumbai: Nissim Ezekiel .[13]
- G. S. Sharat Chandra, Bharata Natyam Dancer and Other Poems ( Poetry in English ), Calcutta: Writers Workshop, India .[14]
- Leela Dharmaraj, Slum Silhouette and Other Poems ( Poetry in English ), Calcutta: Writers Workshop, India .[15]
- R. P. N. Sinha, editor, A Book of English Verse on Indian Soil, New Delhi: Orient Longmans[16]
Ireland
- Austin Clarke, Mnemosyne Lay in Dust, Dublin: Dolmen Press[17]
- Seamus Heaney, Death of a Naturalist, Faber & Faber, Northern Ireland poet published in the United Kingdom
- Thomas Kinsella, Wormwood, Dublin: Dolmen Press;[17] book widely available in the United Kingdom
- Louis MacNeice, The Collected Poems of Louis MacNeice, edited by E. R. Dodds,[18] including "Mayfly", "Snow", "Autumn Journal XVI", "Meeting Point", "Autobiography", "the Libertine", "Western Landscape", "Autumn Sequel XX", "The Once-in-Passing", "House on a Cliff", "Soap Suds", "The Suicide" and "Star-gazer", Faber and Faber, Irish poet published in the United Kingdom,[19]
- John Montague, All Legendary Obstacles, Dublin: Dolmen Press[17]
United Kingdom
- W. H. Auden, English poet published in the United States:
- Karen Gershon, Selected Poems
- Gavin Bantock, Christ
- George Barker, Dreams of a Summer Night
- John Betjeman, High and Low[20]
- Basil Bunting, Briggflatts[20]
- Angela Carter, Unicorn[21]
- Lawrence Durrell, The Ikons, and Other Poems[20]
- Tom Earley, A Welshman in Bloomsbury
- Gavin Ewart, Pleasures of the Flesh[20]
- Elaine Feinstein, In a Green Eye,[20] Goliard Press
- Robert Graves, Collected Poems[18]
- J. C. Hall, The Burning Hare
- Seamus Heaney, Death of a Naturalist, Faber & Faber, Northern Ireland poet published in the United Kingdom
- Philip Hobsbaum, In Retreat
- Christopher Isherwood, Exhumations, stories, articles and poetry;[20] an English writer living in and published in the United States
- Elizabeth Jennings, The Mind Has Mountains[20]
- Thomas Kinsella, Wormwood,[20] Irish poet published in the United Kingdom
- Philip Larkin, The North Ship[18]
- Richard Logue, Logue's ABC[20]
- Norman MacCaig, Surroundings[20]
- Louis MacNeice, The Collected Poems of Louis MacNeice, edited by E. R. Dodds,[18] including "Mayfly", "Snow", "Autumn Journal XVI", "Meeting Point", "Autobiography", "the Libertine", "Western Landscape", "Autumn Sequel XX", "The Once-in-Passing", "House on a Cliff", "Soap Suds", "The Suicide" and "Star-gazer", Faber and Faber, Irish poet published in the United Kingdom,[19]
- Ruth Pitter, Still by Choice[20]
- Sir Herbert Read, Collected Poems, Horizon Press[18]
- Peter Redgrove, The Force and Other Poems, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul[17]
- Jon Silkin, New and Selected Poems
- Stevie Smith, The Frog Prince, and Other Poems[20]
- Gillian Smyth, The Nitrogen Dreams of a Wide Girl
- Gary Snyder, A Range of Poems, London: Fulcrum Press, American[17]
- R.S. Thomas, Pietà,[20] Welsh
- Anthony Thwaite and John Hollander publish the first anthology of double dactyls, Jiggery Pokery
- Charles Tomlinson, American Scenes, and Other Poems, London: Macmillan[17]
- David Wevill, A Christ of the Ice Floes
United States
- A.R. Ammons, Northfield Poems
- John Ashbery, Rivers and Mountains
- Ted Berrigan, Some Things
- Paul Blackburn,
- 16 Sloppy Haiku and a Lyric for Robert Reardon
- Sing Song
- translator, Poem of the Cid
- Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
- Robert Creeley, Poems 1950-1965[22]
- Robert Duncan, The Years as Catches[18]
- Randall Jarrell (died 1965), The Lost World (published posthumously)
- Josephine Jacobsen, The Animal Inside
- LeRoi Jones, Black Art
- Stanley Kunitz, The Testing Tree[18]
- James Merrill, Nights and Days
- W. S. Merwin, Collected Poems, New York: Atheneum[23]
- Sylvia Plath, Ariel, New York: Harper & Row (London: Faber and Faber 1965) American poet in the United Kingdom[17]
- A. K. Ramanujan, The Striders (Indian poet living in the United States)
- Kenneth Rexroth, Collected Shorter Poems
- Adrienne Rich, Necessities of Life, W. W. Norton & Company[18]
- Theodore Roethke, Roethke: Collected Poems
- Anne Sexton, Live or Die[18]
- Louis Simpson, Selected Poems (West Indian poet living in the United States)
- Gary Snyder, A Range of Poems, London: Fulcrum Press[17]
- William Stafford, The Rescued Year
- Robert Penn Warren, Selected Poems, New and Old: 1923-1966
- Louis Zukofsky, All: the collected short poems 1956–1964, W. W. Norton & Company[18]
Criticism, scholarship, biography
- Wallace Stevens, Letters of Wallace Stevens (posthumous), edited by Holly Stevens (his daughter)[24]
Other in English
- James K. Baxter, Pig Island Letters (New Zealand)
- Louise Bennett, Jamaica Labrish, Jamaica[25]
- John Pepper Clark, A Reed in the Tide (Nigeria)
- Keith Harrison, Points in a Journey (Australia)
Works published in other languages
Listed by language and often by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:
Denmark
- Benny Anderson (poet), Portrætgalleri
- Thorkild Bjørnvig, Vibrationer
- Poul Borum, Dagslys
- Jørgen Gustava Brandt, Der er æg i mit skæg (prose sketches and poetry)
- Knud Holst, Samexistens
- Henrik Nordbrandt, Digte ("Poems")[26]
- Bundgård Povlsen, Døgndrift
Finland
- Paavo Haavikko, Puut, kaikki heidän vihreytensä, ("The Trees, All Their Greenness")
- Eeva-Liisa Manner, Kirjoitettu kivi ("The Inscribed Stone"), poems and translations from contemporary Spanish poets
- Pentti Saarikoski, Ääneen ("Out Loud")
French language
Canada, in French
- Roger Brien:
- Prométhée
- Le Jour se lève
- Roland Giguère, L'Age de la parole
- Marie Laberge, D'un Cri à l'autre
- Rina Lasnier, L'Arbre blanc
- Suzanne Paradis, Le Visage offensé
- Jean Royer, À patience d'aimer, Québec: Éditions-de-l'Aile[27]
- Gemma Tremblay, Cratères sous la niege
France
- Louis Aragon:
- L. Brauquier, a book of poetry
- P. Chabaneix, a book of poetry
- René Char:
- Michel Déguy:
- Pierre Emmanuel, Ligne de faîte
- Andre Frenaud, Les Rois Mages, revised edition (first edition, 1943)[28]
- Pierre Emmanuel, pen name of Noël Mathieu, Ligne de faîte[29]
- Gérard Genette, Figures I, one of three volumes of a work of critical scholarship in poetics – general theory of literary form and analysis of individual works — the Figures volumes are concerned with the problems of poetic discourse and narrative in Stendhal, Flaubert and Proust and in Baroque poetry (see also Figures II 1969, Figures III 1972)[29]
- Eugène Guillevic, Avec[29]
- Robert Marteau, Travaux sur la terre[28]
- A. Miatlev, Thanathème
- Eugenio Montale, Ossi di seppia, Le ocassioni, and La bufera e altro, translated by Patrice Angelini into French from the original Italian; Paris: Gallimard[31]
- Jean-Claude Renard, La Terre du sacré, received the 1966 Prix Sainte-Beuve[29]
- A. Richaud, Je ne suis pas mort
- P. Seghers, Dialogue
- J. Tortel, Les Villes ouvertes
- Dominique Tron, Stéréophonies
- Boris Vian, a book of poetry
Belgium
- R. Goffin, a book of poetry in the publishing series "Poètes d'Aujourd'hui", French language, published in Belgium
Germany
West Germany
- Günter Eich, Anlässe und Steingärten
- Beda Allemann, editor, Ars poetica: Texte von Dichtern des 20. Jahrhunderts zur Poetik, 51 essays, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, (criticism)[32]
- Walter Naumann, Traum und Tradition in der deutschen Lyrik, Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer (criticism)[32]
Translations
- Oswald de Andrade (Brazil), translations of his:
- Livro de Ensaios
- Gálaxias
East Germany
- Wolf Biermann, Die Drahtharfe
- Volker Braun, Vorläufiges
Hebrew
Israel
- Reuven Ben-Yosef, Shehafim Mamtinim ("Waiting Gulls") American-born poet
- David Fogel, collected poems, with an introduction by D. Pagis
- S. Halkin, Maavar Yabok ("Crossing Jabbok")
- C. Schirmann, a book of poetry: a compilation of new poems from the Genizah
- Shin Shalom, a book of his complete works
- N. Zach, Kol ha-Halav veha-Devash ("All the Milk and Honey")
India
Listed in alphabetical order by first name:
- Gita Parikh, Purvi; Gujarati-language[33]
- Hari Daryani, Mauj Kai Mehran, Sindhi-language[34]
- Udaya Narayana Singh, Kavayo Vadanti, Calcutta: Mithila Darshan; Maithili-language[35]
Italy
- Alfonso Gatto, La storia delle vittime (winner of the Premio Viareggio prize)
- Dacia Maraini, Crudeltà all'aria aperta
- Eugenio Montale, Xenia, poems in memory of Mosca, first published in a private edition of 50; Italy[31]
- Antonio Porta, I rapporti
- Giovanni Raboni, Le case della Vetra
- Sergio Salvi, Le croci di Cartesio
- Roberto Sanesi, Rapporto informativo
- Maria Luisa Spaziani, Utilità della memoria
Norway
- Georg Johannesen, Nye dikt
- Sigmund Skard, Haustraun
- Einar Skjæraasen, Bumerke (posthumous)
- Ragnvald Skrede, Grunnmalm
- Stein Mehren, Tids Alder
- Jan Erik Vold, Hekt
Portuguese language
Brazil
- Oswald de Andrade, Complete Works, a new edition (posthumous)
- Manuel Bandiera, Estrêla da Vida Inteira, an anthology of his poems, commemorating his 80th birthday
- João Cabral de Melo Neto, A Educação pela Pedra
- Mário Faustino, Poesía
- Ferreira Gullar, Luta Corporal e Outros Poemas
- Mário da Silva Brito, Poemário da Silva Brito
Portugal
- Ruy de Moura Belo, Boca bilíngüe ("Multiple Meanings")[36]
Russia
- Pavel Antokolski, two volumes of poems to celebrate his 70th birthday
- David Kugoltinov, a book of poems translated from Kalmuk published in the "Soviet Poetry Library" series
- Robert Rozhdestvenski, The Radius of Action, including "Letter to the Thirtieth Century"
Spanish language
Mexico
- José López Bermùdez, Canto a Morelos (Mexico)
- Rubén Bonifaz Nuño, Siete de espadas (Mexico)
- Octavio Paz, "Vrindaban" and "Madurai" two poems on a Hindu theme by the Mexican ambassador to India
- José Emilio Pacheco, El reposo del fuego (Mexico)
- Ramón López Velarde, Suave Patria (Mexico)
Spain
- Jaime Gil de Biedma:
- En favor de Venus, a collection
- Moralidades, a larger collection published in Mexico
- Carlos Barral, Figuración y fuga
- Alfonso Canales, Aminadab
- Gloria Fuertes, Ni tiro, veneno, ni navaja
- Justo Jorge Padrón, Escrito en el agua
- Dionisio Ridruejo, Cuaderno Catalán
- Joaquín Caro Romero, El tiempo en el espejo
Other in Spanish
- José Santos Chocano, Antología, pról. y notas de Julio Ortega, Lima: Editorial Universitaria, Peru[37]
Yiddish
- Israel Emiot, a collection of poems
- Yankev Glatshteyn, A Jew from Lublin
- Gabriel Preil, a collection of poems
- Khava Rosenfarb, a collection of poems
- Meyer Shtiker, a collection of poems
- Moisei Teif (Moshe Teif), a collection of poems
- Leyb Vaserman, a collection of poems
Other languages
- Betti Alver, Tähetund ("Starry Hour"), Estonia
- Klaus Høeck, Yggdrasil, Nuancer[38]
- Nizar Qabbani, Drawing with Words, Syrian poet writing in Arabic
- Giorgos Seferis, Τρία Κρυφά Ποιήματα ("Three Hidden Poems"), Greece
- Wisława Szymborska, 101 wierszy ("101 Poems"), Poland
Awards and honors
- Nobel Prize for Literature: Nelly Sachs, a German poet, writing in German but living in Sweden and a Swedish subject, shared the prize with novelist and short story writer Shmuel Yosef Agnon of Israel.
Awards in Canada
- See 1966 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.
Awards in France
- Prix des Critiques: René Char, for his work as a whole[29]
- Grand Prix de Poésie de l'Académie Française: Pierre Jean Jouve[29]
Awards in the United Kingdom
- Cholmondeley Award: Ted Walker, Stevie Smith
- Eric Gregory Award: Robin Fulton, Seamus Heaney, Hugo Williams
Awards in the United States
- Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress (later the post would be called "Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress"): James Dickey appointed this year.
- National Book Award for Poetry: James Dickey, Buckdancer's Choice
- Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Richard Eberhart, Selected Poems
- Fellowship of the Academy of American Poets: Archibald MacLeish and John Berryman
Awards in Spain
- Premio de la Crítica (a nonmonetary award by a jury of journalist-critics): Claudio Rodriguez, Alianza y condena
- Premio Adonais for verse: Vincente García Hernández, Los pájaros
Other
- Nordic Council's literature prize: Gunnar Ekelöf, Diwan över fursten av Engion (Sweden)
Births
- April 8 – Todd Swift, Canadian-born British poet
- April 26 – Natasha Trethewey, American Poet Laureate
- June 12 – Michael Redhill, American-born Canadian poet
- August 10 – Christian Bök, Canadian experimental poet
- October 7 – Sherman Alexie, Native American poet and author
- October 19 – Dimitris Lyacos, Greek poet and playwright
- December 20 – Joseph Woods, Irish poet
- Also:
- Maurice Manning, American poet
- Constance Merritt, American poet
- Alice Oswald, English poet
- Volker Sielaff, German poet[39]
- Christian Wiman, American poet
- Woeser (also written: Öser; full name: Tsering Woeser; Tibetan: ཚེ་རིང་འོད་ཟེར་; Wylie: tshe-ring 'od-zer; simplified Chinese: 唯色; pinyin: Wéisè), Tibetan poet and essayist
- Yi Sha, Chinese poet[40]
Deaths
Grave of Anna Akhmatova
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
- January 22 – Jun Kawada 川田 順 (born 1882), Japanese, Showa period tanka poet and entrepreneur
- January 23 – Berton Braley, 83
- March 5 — Anna Akhmatova, 76, Russian poet
- March 17 – Einar Skjæraasen, Norway
- April 5 – Marcel Noppeney (born 1877), Luxembourg French-language poet
- May 14 – Georgia Douglas Johnson, 86, of a stroke
- June 1 – Inge Müller (born 1925), East German
- June 7 – Jean Arp, 78, French sculptor, painter and poet, leader in Dadaism
- June 10 – Henry Treese, 55
- June 27 – Arthur David Waley, 76, noted translator of Chinese poetry and an English Orientalist and Sinologist
- July 11 – Delmore Schwartz, 52, American, of a heart attack
- July 25 – Frank O'Hara, 40, American poet and key member of the New York School of poetry.
- August – Tristan Klingsor, pseudonym of Léon Leclère (born August 8, 1874), French poet, painter and musician; part of the Fantaisiste group of French poets
- August 14:
- Raymond Duncan, 91, American dancer, artist, poet, craftsman and philosopher
- Alfred Kreymborg, 82, American poet, novelist, playwright, literary editor and anthologist
- August 26 – W.W.E. Ross (born 1894), Canadian poet.
- August 29 – Melvin Tolson, 68, American Modernist poet, educator, columnist, and politician
- September 25 – Mina Loy, 73, British-born American artist, poet, Futurist and actor
- September 28 – André Breton, 70, French poet, essayist and theorist; the leading exponent of Surrealism in literature
- Also:
- John Cournos (born 1881), Russian-American Imagist poet, but better known for his novels, short stories, essays, criticism and translations of Russian literature; wrote under the pen name "John Courtney"
- Jun Tanaka 田中純 (born 1890), Japanese, Showa period poet
- Arnold Wall (born 1869), New Zealand
See also
Notes
- ↑ No byline, "Konstantin Pavlov, Bulgarian Poet, Is Dead at 75", obituary, Associated Press, September 30, 2008, as it appeared on the website of The New York Times, retrieved December 11, 2008
- ↑ Web page titled "Modern Poetry in Translation" at the website of Poetry Library Southbank Centre, retrieved December 14, 2008
- ↑ Denis Hollier, editor, A New History of French Literature, p 1023, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1989 ISBN 0-674-61565-4
- ↑ Roberts, Neil, editor, A Companion to Twentieth-century Poetry, Part III, Chapter 3, "Canadian Poetry", by Cynthia Messenger, Blackwell Publishing, 2003, ISBN 978-1-4051-1361-8, retrieved via Google Books, January 3, 2009
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Gustafson, Ralph, The Penguin Book of Canadian Verse, revised edition, 1967, Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books
- ↑ Carole Gerson, "Arthur Stanley Bourinot Biography," Encyclopedia of Literature, 7466, JRank.org, Web, Apr. 20, 2011.
- ↑ " Robert Finch," Online Guide to Writing in Canada. Web, Mar. 17, 2011.
- ↑ "Joe Rosenblatt: Publications," Canadian Poetry Online. Web, Mar. 22, 2011.
- ↑ "F.R. Scott: Publications," Canadian Poetry Online, UToronto.ca, Web, May 7, 2011.
- ↑ Anup C. Nair and Rajesh I. Patel, "22. Nissim Ezekiel the Poet: A Bird's Eyeview", pp 248, 257-259, in Indian English Poetry: Critical Perspectives, edited by Jaydipsinh Dodiya, 2000, Delhi: Prabhat Kumar Sharma for Sarup & Sons, ISBN 81-7625-111-9, retrieved via Google Books on July 17, 2010
- ↑ Mehrotra, Arvind Krishna, editor, A History of Indian literature in English, p 259, Columbia University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-231-12810-X, retrieved July 18, 2010
- ↑ Mehrotra, Arvind Krishna, editor, A History of Indian literature in English, p 250, Columbia University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-231-12810-X, retrieved July 18, 2010
- ↑ Web page titled "Gieve Patel", Poetry International website, retrieved July 10, 2010
- ↑ Lal, P., Modern Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology & a Credo, Calcutta: Writers Workshop, second edition, 1971 (however, on page 597 an "editor's note" states contents "on the following pages are a supplement to the first edition" and is dated "1972")
- ↑ Naik, M. K., Perspectives on Indian poetry in English, p. 230, (published by Abhinav Publications, 1984, ISBN 978-0-391-03286-6), retrieved via Google Books, June 12, 2009
- ↑ Lal, P., Modern Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology & a Credo, Calcutta: Writers Workshop, second edition, 1971, and Rajyalakshmi, P. V., The Lyric Spring: The Poetic Achievement of Sarojini Naidu, p 214, Abhinav Publications, 1977
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 M. L. Rosenthal, The New Poets: American and British Poetry Since World War II, New York: Oxford University Press, 1967, "Selected Bibliography: Individual Volumes by Poets Discussed", pp 334-340
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 Richard Ellmann and Robert O'Clair, editors, The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, W. W. Norton & Company, 1973, ISBN 0-393-09357-3
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Crotty, Patrick, Modern Irish Poetry: An Anthology, Belfast, The Blackstaff Press Ltd., 1995, ISBN 0-85640-561-2
- ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 Cox, Michael, editor, The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-860634-6
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Everett, Nicholas, "Robert Creeley's Life and Career" at the Modern American Poetry website, accessed May 1, 2008
- ↑ Web page titled "W. S. Merwin (1927- )" at the Poetry Foundation Web site, retrieved June 8, 2010
- ↑ Web page titled "Wallace Stevens (1879 - 1955)" at the Poetry Foundation website, retrieved April 9, 2009. Archived 2009-05-04.
- ↑ "Selected Timeline of Anglophone Caribbean Poetry" in Williams, Emily Allen, Anglophone Caribbean Poetry, 1970–2001: An Annotated Bibliography, page xvii and following pages, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 978-0-313-31747-7, retrieved via Google Books, February 7, 2009
- ↑ Web page titled "Henrik Nordbrandt" at the Poetry International website, retrieved January 29, 2010
- ↑ Web page titled "Jean Royer" at L’Académie des lettres du Québec website (in French), retrieved October 20, 2010
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Auster, Paul, editor, The Random House Book of Twentieth-Century French Poetry: with Translations by American and British Poets, New York: Random House, 1982 ISBN 0-394-52197-8
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 29.8 Bree, Germaine, Twentieth-Century French Literature, translated by Louise Guiney, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1983
- ↑ Denis Hollier, editor, A New History of French Literature, p 1024, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1989 ISBN 0-674-61565-4
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Eugenio Montale, Collected Poems 1920-1954, translated and edited by Jonathan Galassi, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998, ISBN 0-374-12554-6
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Preminger, Alex and T.V.F. Brogan, et al., editors, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 1993, Princeton University Press and MJF Books, "German Poetry" article, "Criticism in German" section, p 474
- ↑ Mohan, Sarala Jag, Chapter 4: "Twentieth-Century Gujarati Literature" (Google books link), in Natarajan, Nalini, and Emanuel Sampath Nelson, editors, Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7, retrieved December 10, 2008
- ↑ Das, Sisir Kumar and various, History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956: struggle for freedom: triumph and tragedy, Volume 2, 1995, published by Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 978-81-7201-798-9, retrieved via Google Books on December 23, 2008
- ↑ Web page title "Udaya Narayana Singh", at the Poetry International website, retrieved August 2, 2010
- ↑ da Silva, Jaime H., "BELO, Ruy de Moura", article, p 185, Bleiberg, Germán, Dictionary of the literature of the Iberian peninsula, Volume 1, as retrieved from Google Books on September 6, 2011
- ↑ Web page titled "José Santos Chocano" at the Jaume University website, retrieved August 29, 2011
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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