German AB-Aktion in Poland
| AB-Aktion | |
|---|---|
A picture taken by the Polish Underground of Nazi Secret Police dislodging Polish intelligentsia at the Palmiry execution site near Warsaw in 1940
|
|
| Also known as | German: Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion |
| Location | Palmiry Forest, and similar locations in occupied Poland |
| Date | Spring - summer 1940 |
| Incident type | Mass murder with automatic weapons |
| Perpetrators | Wehrmacht, Einsatzgruppen |
| Participants |  Nazi Germany |
| Organizations | Waffen-SS, Schutzstaffel, Orpo Battalions, Sicherheitsdienst |
| Victims | 7,000 Polish intellectuals and leaders |
| Documentation | Pawiak and Gestapo |
| Memorials | Murder site, and deportation points |
| Notes | Lethal phase of the invasion of Poland. |
AB-Aktion (Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion) (English: Extraordinary Operation of Pacification), was a Nazi German campaign during World War II aimed to eliminate the intellectuals and the upper classes of the Polish people and of Polish nationhood. In the spring and summer of 1940, more than 30,000 Poles were arrested by the Nazi authorities in German-occupied Poland.[1] About 7,000 leaders and professors, teachers and priests (labeled as suspected of criminal activities) were subsequently massacred at various locations including at the Palmiry Forest.[2][3] The others were sent to German concentration camps.
Contents
History
The mass murder of Polish leaders, politicians, artists, aristocrats, the intelligentsia, and people suspected of potential anti-Nazi activity was seen as a pre-emptive measure to keep the Polish resistance scattered and to prevent the Poles from revolting during the planned German invasion of France.[4] The anti-Polish campaign was prepared by Hans Frank, the commander of the General Government, and was also discussed with Soviet officials during a series of secretive Gestapo-NKVD Conferences.[2][5]
The first elimination of Polish intelligentsia took place soon after the German invasion of Poland, lasting from autumn 1939 until spring 1940. Operation Intelligenzaktion was a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia, Poland's leadership class, realized by Einsatzgruppen and Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz. As the result of this operation 60,000 Polish nobles, teachers, entrepreneurs, social workers, priests, judges and political activists were killed in 10 regional actions.[5][6] The Intelligenzaktion was continued by the German AB-Aktion operation in Poland. People were arrested according to an "enemies of the Reich list" - Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen prepared before the war by members of the German minority in Poland in cooperation with German Intelligence.[2]
Prior to the action, in late 1939 and early 1940, most Polish university professors, intellectuals, writers, politicians, teachers and other members of the elite of Polish society were briefly arrested by the Gestapo and had their names registered. Frank finally accepted and approved the Ausserordentliche Befriedungsaktion on May 16, 1940. In the following weeks, the German police, the Gestapo, the SD (Sicherheitsdienst) and units of the Wehrmacht arrested roughly 30,000 Poles in major Polish cities, including Warsaw, Łódź, Lublin and Kraków. The interned were held in a number of prisons, including the infamous Pawiak, where they were subject to brutal interrogations by Nazi officials. After time spent in the prisons of Warsaw, Kraków, Radom, Kielce, Nowy Sącz, Tarnów, Lublin or Wiśnicz, the arrested Poles were transferred to German concentration camps, most notably to the newly created camp of Auschwitz, as well as Sachsenhausen and Mauthausen. Approximately 3,500 members of the Polish intelligentsia were executed at the mass murder sites in Palmiry near Warsaw, Firlej, Wincentynów near Radom, and in the Bliżyn forest near Skarżysko-Kamienna.[2]
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Among those killed were Maciej Rataj, Stefan Bryła, Tadeusz Tański, Mieczysław Niedziałkowski and Janusz Kusociński. Actions were started on a similar scale in other Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany. According to many historians, including Norman Davies, the action against Polish leaders was coordinated with the authorities of the Soviet Union, who at the same time perpetrated the mass murder of 22,000 Polish military officers at Katyń and other places.
The active persecution of Polish intellectuals was continued until the end of the war. The direct continuation of the AB Action was a German campaign in the east started after the German invasion of the USSR. Among the most notable mass executions of Polish professors was the massacre of Lwów professors, in which approximately 45 professors of the university in Lwów were murdered together with their families and guests. Among those killed in the massacre were Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, former Polish prime minister Kazimierz Bartel, Włodzimierz Stożek, and Stanisław Ruziewicz. Thousands more perished in the Ponary massacre, in German concentration camps, and in ghettos.[2]
Aftermath
The total number of victims and the specific dates of executions of members of the Polish intelligentsia can only be approximated due to their multitude. After the war, many Germans responsible for organizing the AB Action were tried before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals. However, the majority of responsible commanders vanished during and after the war, before being held legally accountable for their crimes.[5]
See also
- Sonderaktion Krakau: a 1939 Nazi round-up professors and academics of the Jagiellonian University
- World War II atrocities in Poland
- Pacification operations in German-occupied Poland
- Operation Tannenberg
- Generalplan Ost
- Katyn massacre
- Anti-Polonism
- History of Poland (1939-1945)
- Intelligenzaktion
References
- ↑ Chapter "Hitler's Plans for Poland." Noakes and Pridham, Nazism: A History in Documents, p. 988.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 AB-Aktion, Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies.
- ↑ "Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era" at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum at the Wayback Machine (archived June 7, 2007)
- ↑ Noakes and Pridham, Nazism: A History in Documents, p. 965.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Maria Wardzyńska, Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. IPN Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-063-8
- ↑ Meier, Anna. Die Intelligenzaktion: Die Vernichtung Der Polnischen Oberschicht Im Gau Danzig-Westpreusen, VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. ISBN 3-639-04721-4; ISBN 978-36-3904 721-9.
