Postalveolar lateral approximant |
l̠ |
Dental lateral approximant |
l̪ |
The alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is ⟨l⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l.
As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, /l̥/, are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language contrasts such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ].
In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme /l/ becomes velarized in certain contexts, a sound often called "dark l". Some languages, like many North American dialects of English may not have a "clear" /l/ at all.
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- There are four specific variants of [l]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars (such as Bulgarian, which has both), laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. However, a true dental generally occurs allophonically before /θ/ in languages which have it, as in English health.
Dental or denti-alveolar
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Variable
Velarized alveolar lateral approximant
Dark L |
lˠ |
lˤ |
ɫ |
IPA number |
209 |
Encoding |
Entity (decimal) |
lˠ |
Unicode (hex) |
U+006C U+02E0 |
X-SAMPA |
5 or l_G or l_?\ |
Kirshenbaum |
l<vzd> |
Sound |
|
The velarized alveolar lateral approximant (dark l) is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar or dental lateral approximant, with a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization. The regular symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨lˠ⟩ (for a velarized lateral) and ⟨lˤ⟩ (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter ⟨ɫ⟩ – which covers both velarization and pharyngealization – is perhaps more common. If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate that: ⟨l̪ˠ⟩, ⟨l̪ˤ⟩, ⟨ɫ̪⟩.
Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants, so dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar, while clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.[38]
Features
Features of the dark l:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- There are four specific variants of [ɫ]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely,[38] the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- It has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Alveolar
Variable
See also
References
- ↑ Siptár & Törkenczy (2000:75–76)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Canepari (1992:89)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005:133)
- ↑ Lunt (1952:1)
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Sadowsky et al. (2013:88–89)
- ↑ Vanvik (1979:36)
- ↑ Engstrand (2004:167)
- ↑ Keane (2004:111)
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Sjoberg (1963:13)
- ↑ Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ↑ Thelwall (1990:38)
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:20)
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Wheeler (2005:10–11)
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Central | Els Sons del Català".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
"Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental | Els Sons del Català".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Recasens & Espinosa (2005:1 and 20)
- ↑ Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005:132)
- ↑ Canepari (1992:88–89)
- ↑ http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/content/view/227/26/
- ↑ Kara (2003:11)
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Rocławski (1976:130)
- ↑ Chițoran (2001:10)
- ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995:10)
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Zimmer & Orgun (1999:154–155)
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:8)
- ↑ Depalatalization and consequential iotization in the speech of Fortaleza. Page 2. (Portuguese)
- ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
- ↑ Runaround generator
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Recasens & Espinosa (2005:4)
- ↑ Padluzhny (1989:50–51)
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Rafel (1999:14)
- ↑ Scholten (2000:22)
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Mathiassen (1996:23)
- ↑ Lunt (1952:11–12)
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:168)
- ↑ Ó Dochartaigh (1997)
- ↑ Watson (2002:16)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ↑ Booij, Geert. 1999. The Phonology of Dutch. P.8
- ↑ http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Collins_Phonetics_of_English_and_Dutch_pdf.pdf
- ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999:73)
- ↑ Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language
- ↑ Gick et al. (2006:?)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:93)
- ↑ "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Portuguese). Page 52.
- ↑ MELO, Gladstone Chaves de. "A língua do Brasil". 4. Ed. Melhorada e aum., Rio de Janeiro: Padrão, 1981
- ↑ Português do sul do Brasil – variação fonológica Leda Bisol and Gisela Collischonn. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. Pages 153–156.
- ↑ (Italian) Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition
- ↑ (Portuguese) The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Page 36.
- ↑ TEYSSIER, Paul. "História da Língua Portuguesa", Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa, pp. 81-83.
- ↑ Bisol (2005:211)
- ↑ "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Portuguese). Page 49.
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— These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] |
— Where symbols appear in pairs, left–right represent the voiceless–voiced consonants. |
— Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible or not distinctive. |
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