André Weil

Not to be confused with Hermann Weyl or Andrew Wiles.

André Weil
Born	(1906-05-06)6 May 1906 Paris, France
Died	Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.
Fields	Mathematics
Institutions	Aligarh Muslim University (1930–32) Lehigh University Universidade de São Paulo (1945–47) University of Chicago (1947–58) Institute for Advanced Study
Alma mater	University of Paris École Normale Supérieure
Doctoral advisor	Jacques Hadamard Charles Émile Picard
Doctoral students	Pierre Cartier Harley Flanders William A. Howard Teruhisa Matsusaka Peter Swinnerton-Dyer
Known for	Contributions in number theory, algebraic geometry
Notable awards	Wolf Prize in Mathematics (1979) Leroy P. Steele Prize (1980) Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science (1980) Kyoto Prize (1994) ForMemRS (1966)

André Weil (/veɪ/; French: [ɑ̃dʁe vɛj]; 6 May 1906 – 6 August 1998) was an influential French mathematician of the 20th century, known for his foundational work in number theory and algebraic geometry. He was a founding member and the de facto early leader of the Bourbaki group. The philosopher Simone Weil was his sister.

Life

André Weil was born in Paris to Alsatian agnostic Jewish parents who fled the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by the German Empire after the Franco-Prussian War in 1870–71. The famous philosopher Simone Weil was Weil's only sibling. He studied in Paris, Rome and Göttingen and received his doctorate in 1928. While in Germany, Weil befriended Carl Ludwig Siegel. Starting in 1930, he spent two academic years at Aligarh Muslim University. Aside from mathematics, Weil held lifelong interests in Hinduism and Sanskrit literature. After teaching for one year in Aix-Marseille University, he taught for six years in Strasbourg. He married Éveline in 1937.

Weil was in Finland when World War II broke out; he had been traveling in Scandinavia since April 1939. His wife Éveline returned to France without him. Weil was mistakenly arrested in Finland at the outbreak of the Winter War on suspicion of spying; however, accounts of his life having been in danger were shown to be exaggerated. Weil returned to France via Sweden and the United Kingdom, and was detained at Le Havre in January 1940. He was charged with failure to report for duty, and was imprisoned in Le Havre and then Rouen. It was in the military prison in Bonne-Nouvelle, a district of Rouen, from February to May, that Weil completed the work that made his reputation. He was tried on 3 May 1940. Sentenced to five years, he requested to be attached to a military unit instead, and was given the chance to join a regiment in Cherbourg. After the fall of France, he met up with his family in Marseille, where he arrived by sea. He then went to Clermont-Ferrand, where he managed to join his wife Éveline, who had been living in German-occupied France.

In January 1941, Weil and his family sailed from Marseille to New York. He spent the remainder of the war in the United States, where he was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Guggenheim Foundation. For two years, he taught undergraduate mathematics at Lehigh University. But, he hated Lehigh very much for their heavy teaching workload and he swore that he would never talk about "Lehigh" any more. He quit the job at Lehigh, and then he moved to Brazil and taught at the Universidade de São Paulo from 1945 to 1947, where he worked with Oscar Zariski. He then returned to the United States and taught at the University of Chicago from 1947 to 1958, before moving to the Institute for Advanced Study, where he would spend the remainder of his career. In 1979, Weil shared the second Wolf Prize in Mathematics with Jean Leray.

Work

Weil made substantial contributions in a number of areas, the most important being his discovery of profound connections between algebraic geometry and number theory. This began in his doctoral work leading to the Mordell–Weil theorem (1928, and shortly applied in Siegel's theorem on integral points). Mordell's theorem had an ad hoc proof; Weil began the separation of the infinite descent argument into two types of structural approach, by means of height functions for sizing rational points, and by means of Galois cohomology, which would not be categorized as such for another two decades. Both aspects of Weil's work have steadily developed into substantial theories.

Among his major accomplishments were the 1940s proof of the Riemann hypothesis for zeta-functions of curves over finite fields, and his subsequent laying of proper foundations for algebraic geometry to support that result (from 1942 to 1946, most intensively). The so-called Weil conjectures were hugely influential from around 1950; these statements were later proved by Bernard Dwork, Alexander Grothendieck, Michael Artin, and finally by Pierre Deligne, who completed the most difficult step in 1973.

Weil introduced the adele ring in the late 1930s, following Claude Chevalley's lead with the ideles, and gave a proof of the Riemann–Roch theorem with them (a version appeared in his Basic Number Theory in 1967). His 'matrix divisor' (vector bundle avant la lettre) Riemann–Roch theorem from 1938 was a very early anticipation of later ideas such as moduli spaces of bundles. The Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers proved resistant for many years. Eventually the adelic approach became basic in automorphic representation theory. He picked up another credited Weil conjecture, around 1967, which later under pressure from Serge Lang (resp. of Serre) became known as the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture (resp. Taniyama–Weil conjecture) based on a roughly formulated question of Taniyama at the 1955 Nikkō conference. His attitude towards conjectures was that one should not dignify a guess as a conjecture lightly, and in the Taniyama case, the evidence was only there after extensive computational work carried out from the late 1960s.

Other significant results were on Pontryagin duality and differential geometry. He introduced the concept of a uniform space in general topology, as a by-product of his collaboration with Nicolas Bourbaki (of which he was a Founding Father). His work on sheaf theory hardly appears in his published papers, but correspondence with Henri Cartan in the late 1940s, and reprinted in his collected papers, proved most influential.

He discovered that the so-called Weil representation, previously introduced in quantum mechanics by Irving Segal and Shale, gave a contemporary framework for understanding the classical theory of quadratic forms. This was also a beginning of a substantial development by others, connecting representation theory and theta functions.

He also wrote several books on the history of Number Theory. Weil was elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1966.

As expositor

Weil's ideas made an important contribution to the writings and seminars of Bourbaki, before and after World War II.

He says on page 114 of his autobiography that he was responsible for the null set symbol (Ø) and that it came from the Norwegian alphabet, which he alone among the Bourbaki group was familiar with.

Beliefs

Indian (Hindu) thought had great influence on Weil. In his autobiography, he says that the only religious ideas that appealed to him were those to be found in Hindu philosophical thought. Although he was an agnostic, he respected religions.

Books

Mathematical works:

• Arithmétique et géométrie sur les variétés algébriques (1935)
• Sur les espaces à structure uniforme et sur la topologie générale (1937)
• L'intégration dans les groupes topologiques et ses applications (1940)
• Sur les courbes algébriques et les variétés qui s’en déduisent (1948)
• Variétés abéliennes et courbes algébriques (1948)
• Introduction à l'étude des variétés kählériennes (1958)
• Discontinuous subgroups of classical groups (1958) Chicago lecture notes
• Dirichlet Series and Automorphic Forms, Lezioni Fermiane (1971) Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 189,
• Essais historiques sur la théorie des nombres (1975)
• Elliptic Functions According to Eisenstein and Kronecker (1976)
• Number Theory for Beginners (1979) with Maxwell Rosenlicht
• Adeles and Algebraic Groups (1982)
• Number Theory: An Approach Through History From Hammurapi to Legendre (1984)

Collected papers:

• Œuvres Scientifiques, Collected Works, three volumes (1979)

Autobiography:

• French: Souvenirs d’Apprentissage (1991) ISBN 3-7643-2500-3. Review in English by J. E. Cremona.
• English translation: The Apprenticeship of a Mathematician (1992), ISBN 0-8176-2650-6 Review by Veeravalli S. Varadarajan; Review by Saunders Mac Lane

Memoir by his daughter:

• At Home with André and Simone Weil by Sylvie Weil, translated by Benjamin Ivry; ISBN 978-0-8101-2704-3, Northwestern University Press, 2010.

See also

• List of things named after André Weil

External links

• André Weil, by A. Borel, Bull.AMS 46 (2009), 661-666.
• André Weil: memorial articles in the Notices of AMS by Armand Borel, Pierre Cartier, Komaravolu Chandrasekharan, Shiing-Shen Chern, and Shokichi Iyanaga
• Image of Weil
• A 1940 Letter of André Weil on Analogy in Mathematics
• Artless innocents and ivory-tower sophisticates: Some personalities on the Indian mathematical scene - M. S. Raghunathan
• La vie et l'oeuvre d'André Weil, by J-P. Serre, L'Ens. Math. 45 (1999),5-16.
• Correspondance entre Henri Cartan et André Weil (1928-1991), par Michèle Audin, Doc. Math. 6, Soc. Math. France, 2011.