Mountain beaver

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Mountain beaver
Temporal range: Late Pleistocene–Recent
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Aplodontia.jpg
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Aplodontiidae
Genus: Aplodontia
Species: A. rufa
Binomial name
Aplodontia rufa
(Rafinesque, 1817)
File:Aplodontia rufa distribution map.png

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The mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa) is a North American rodent. It has several common names, including: aplodontia, boomer, ground bear, and giant mole.[citation needed] The name sewellel beaver comes from sewellel or suwellel, the Chinookan term for a cloak made from its pelts. This species is the only living member of its genus, Aplodontia, and family, Aplodontiidae.[2] It should not be confused with true North American and Eurasian beavers, to which it is not closely related.[3][4]

Characteristics

Mountain beavers are brown, but their fur can range from slightly more reddish to more blackish depending on subspecies, with a light patch under each ear. The animals have distinctively short tails. Adults weigh about 500–900 g (18–32 oz), with a few specimens topping 1,000 g (35 oz). Total length is about 30–50 cm (12–20 in), with a tail length of 1–4 cm (0.39–1.57 in).

The skull is protrogomorphous; it has no specialized attachments for the masseter muscles as seen in other rodents. It is flattened and lacks a postorbital process. The baculum is thin and distinctly forked. The penis is about 4.5 cm (1.8 in) in length. The male does not have a true scrotum, but the testes move into a position called semiscrotal during the breeding season.[citation needed]

Mountain beavers have an unusual projection on each molar and premolar tooth, which is unique among mammals and allows for easy identification of teeth. This projection points toward the cheek on the upper tooth row, but points toward the tongue on the lower. The cheek teeth lack the complex folds of other rodents and instead consist of single basins. They are hypsodont and ever-growing. Two upper and one lower premolars are present, along with all the molars, giving a dental formula of 1.0.2.31.0.1.3

Mountain beavers cannot produce concentrated urine. They are thought to be physiologically restricted to the temperate rain forest regions of the North American Pacific coast and moist microenvironments inland due to their inability to obtain sufficient water in more arid environments.[citation needed] Their karyotype is 2n = 46.

Habits and distribution

Mountain beavers are found in the Cascade Mountains of British Columbia and southward to include the rest of the Cascade Range in the United States,[5] the Olympic Mountains and Coast Ranges of Washington and Oregon,[6] plus the Siskiyous, and the Sierra Nevada mountain range of California.[5] They range from sea level to the tree line.[5] They can be found in both deciduous and coniferous forests, but throughout most of the range appear to prefer the former. These animals appear to be physiologically limited to moist microenvironments, with most subspecies occurring only in regions with minimal snowfall and cool winters. They do not appear to be able to conserve body heat or warmth as efficiently as other rodents.,[7] nor do they hibernate.

File:Mountain beaver burrow.jpg
Mountain beaver burrow

They exhibit coprophagy and eat soft fecal pellets to obtain maximum nutrients; hard fecal pellets are transferred to fecal chambers located within the burrow system.[8][9] Food includes fleshy herbs and young shoots of more woody plants. Ferns probably make up the bulk of their diets. They appear to be strictly herbivorous.[7] Their consumption of seedling trees has led some to consider them as pests. They appear to build hay mounds at some burrow entrances, but whether this behavior is related to water regulation, curing food, or gathering nest materials is debated.[citation needed]

Known predators include bobcats, coyotes, cougars, golden eagles, and owls.[10] Among the parasites of the mountain beaver is the largest flea known, Hystrichopsylla schefferi. Females of this flea can be 8 mm (0.31 in) long.[11]

The breeding season is between January and March, with two or three young born February to April. The young are born hairless, pink, and blind. Lifespans are 5 to 10 years – fairly long for rodents. They are not social, though home ranges can overlap.[7]

Mountain beavers are capable of climbing trees,[12] but rarely travel far from burrows. Their thumbs are slightly opposable and the animals will sit on their hindquarters and manipulate food with their fore limbs and incisors.

Spelling and etymology

File:Immature mountain beaver.jpg
Immature mountain beaver

Most references use the spelling Aplodontidae for the family name. This has been deemed incorrect due to the technical rules of converting a genus name into a family name. The proper conversion of Aplodontia to a family name is to drop the -a only and add -idae. Thus, Aplodontiidae is technically correct. This spelling is gaining acceptance in modern texts and is the standard spelling currently recognized by the Integrated Taxonomic Information System.

Alternate spellings of the genus name have also been reported, with as many as 30 variants historically. These include Haplodontia, Haplodon, Aploodontia, Apluodontia, and Aplodontie, among others. The name Aplodontia (“simple tooth”) is in reference to the single large basin comprising the bulk of each cheek tooth. The specific epithet, rufa means red or reddish.

Subspecies

At present, seven subspecies of Aplodontia rufa are recognized:

Closest relatives

File:Aplodontia rufa (Harvard University).JPG
Aplodontia rufa specimen at Harvard University

The mountain beaver is considered a living fossil,[13] due to the presence of a host of primitive characteristics, particularly the protrogomorphous zygomasseteric system. This condition is similar to what is found in most mammal groups, such as rabbits, where no extreme specialization of the masseter muscle has evolved. In the protrogomorphous condition, the masseter muscle does not pass through the infraorbital foramen as it does in guinea pigs and mice. Likewise, the medial masseter muscle attaches to the base of the zygomatic arch and does not extend to the region in front of the eye as is seen in squirrels and mice. The mountain beaver is the only living rodent with this primitive cranial and muscular feature (except perhaps the blesmols, which clearly evolved protrogomorphy from a hystricomorphous ancestor). The mountain beaver was once thought to be related to the earliest protrogomorphous rodents, such as the ischyromyids (Paramys). Both molecular and morphological phylogeneticists have recently suggested a more distant relationship to these animals.

Molecular results have consistently produced a sister relationship between the mountain beaver and the squirrels (family Sciuridae). This clade is referred to as Sciuroidea, Sciuromorpha (not to be confused with the sciuromorphous zygomasseteric system), or Sciurida, depending on the author.

According to the fossil record, the Aplodontioidea split from the squirrels in the Middle or Late Eocene as indicated by the extinct genera Spurimus and Prosciurus. The fossil record for the genus Aplodontia extends only to the Late Pleistocene of North America.

References

  1. ↑ Fellers, G. M., Lidicker Jr., W. Z., Linzey, A. V. & Nature Serve (Williams, D. F. & Hammerson, G.) (2008). Aplodontia rufa. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ “Beavers” in The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. David Macdonald (ed). Oxford university Press, 2001. Pages 590-591.
  4. ↑ “Wood Beaver” in The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. David Macdonald (ed). Oxford university Press, 2001. Pages 596-597.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 “Mountain Beaver” in The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. David MacDonald (ed). Oxford University Press, 2001. Pages 596–597.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Oregon Dept of Forestry info page
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lloyd Ingles. (1960). Tree Climbing by Mountain Beavers. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 41, no. 1, (Feb., 1960), pages 120–121.
  13. ↑ Montreal Gazette, “Canada’s docile ‘living fossil’ can’t handle the heat” 12 August 2012
  • Adkins, R. M. E. L. Gelke, D. Rowe, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2001. Molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: Evidence from multiple genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18:777-791.
  • Carraway, L. N. and B. J. Verts. 1993. Aplodontia rufa. Mammalian Species, 431:1-10.
  • McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
  • Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

  • Media related to Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. at Wikimedia Commons
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