Arms embargo
An arms embargo is an embargo that applies to weaponry. It may also include "dual use" items. An arms embargo may serve one or more purposes:
- to signal disapproval of behavior by a certain actor,
- to maintain neutral standing in an ongoing conflict, or
- to limit the resources an actor has to inflict violence on others
Contents
Historical examples
Argentina
US President Jimmy Carter implemented the embargo against the 1976 Military Junta due to the Dirty War. This was joined by the United Kingdom after the 1982 Falklands War. The ban was lifted in the 1990s when Argentina was named a Major non-NATO ally. During those years Argentine Armed Forces shifted to Western European countries and Israel for supplies.
Indonesia
The United States government imposed an arms embargo to Indonesia in 1999 due to human rights violations in East Timor. The embargo was subsequently lifted in 2005.
Iran
There have been international sanctions against Iran since 1979.[clarification needed] In March 2007, UN Security Council Resolution 1747, imposed a ban on arms sales with Iran.
People's Republic of China
The U.S. and EU stopped exporting arms to China after 1989, due to the reaction by China's Government towards the protest in Tiananmen Square. In 2004-05, there was some debate in the EU over whether to lift the embargo.[1] [2]
South Africa
The arms embargo of South Africa from 1977 extended to dual use items. The embargo was lifted by Resolution 919 in 1994.
List of current arms embargoes
The countries included in the list are under arms embargo of the United Nations or another international organization (EU, OSCE and others) or country. In some cases the arms embargo is supplemented by general trade embargo, other sanctions (financial) or travel ban for specific persons. In some cases the arms embargo applies to any entitiy residing or established in the country, but in others it is partial – the recognized government forces and international peacekeepers are exempted from the embargo.
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- Armenia and Azerbaijan (by OSCE),[3] 1992–2012 (only end for Azerbaijan)
- Central African Republic (by Security Council),[4] 2013–
- Myanmar (by EU),[5] 1990–
- People's Republic of China (by EU/US),[6][7] 1989–
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (by UN, EU),[8] 2003/1993– (UN/EU)
- Ivory Coast (by UN, EU),[9] 2004-
- Eritrea (by UN, EU),[10] 2010–
- Guinea (by EU),[11] 2009–
- Iran (by UN, EU),[12] 2006–
- Iraq (by UN, EU),[13] 1990– (possibly no longer in effect)
- Libya (by UN) 2011-[14]
- North Korea (by UN, EU),[15] arms and luxury goods, 2006–
- Lebanon (by UN, EU),[16] 2006–
- Somalia (by UN, EU),[17] 1992/2002– (UN/EU)
- Sudan (by UN, EU),[18] 2004/1994– (UN/EU)
- Uzbekistan (by EU),[19] 2005–2009 [20]
- Zimbabwe (by EU),[21] 2002–
Former embargos
- Rwanda (by UN in Resolution 918 and EU)[22] (UN: 1994–2008, EU:[citation needed])
- Sierra Leone (by UN and EU),[23] 1997–?
- Syria (by EU),[24] 2011–2013[25]
- Turkey (by USA) 1975–1978[26]
- Vietnam (by US) 1984–1995: lifted in 2016
- Yugoslavia (by UN in Resolution 713 and EU)[27] (UN/EU: September 1991:[citation needed])2010[28]
See also
- Arms control
- Arms Export Control Act (United States)
References
- ↑ http://www.sldinfo.com/the-eu-arms-embargo-repeal-debate/ The EU Arms Embargo Repeal Debate
- ↑ https://www.academia.edu/5475879/The_EU_Arms_Embargo_on_China_a_Swedish_Perspective_2010_/ Hellström, Jerker (2010) "The EU Arms Embargo on China: a Swedish Perspective", Swedish Defence Research Agency
- ↑ OSCE Nagorno Karabakh arms embargo
- ↑ Security Council arms embargo
- ↑ EU Myanmar arms embargo
- ↑ EU China arms embargo
- ↑ US China arms embargo
- ↑ DR Congo arms embargo
- ↑ Ivory Coast embargo
- ↑ EU Sanctions measures
- ↑ EU Guinea embargo
- ↑ Iran embargo
- ↑ Iraq embargo
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ North Korea embargo
- ↑ Lebanon embargo
- ↑ Somalia embargo
- ↑ Sudan embargo
- ↑ EU Uzbekistan embargo
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ EU Zimbabwe embargo
- ↑ Rwanda embargo
- ↑ http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/sierraleone/index.html
- ↑ EU impose arms embargo on Syria
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ US Arms Embargo against Turkey – after 30 Years, An Institutional Approach towards US Policy Making
- ↑ United Nations Security Council Resolution 713
- ↑ http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/09/29/lifts-arms-embargo-sierra-leone/
