Baidoa

Baidoa Baydhabo بيدوا
City
Baidoa Location in Somalia.
Coordinates:
Country	Somalia
Region	Bay
District	Baidoa
Population
• Total	157,500
Time zone	EAT (UTC+3)

Baidoa (Somali: Baydhabo, Arabic: بيدوا‎‎), also known as Iscia Baidoa (Somali: Isha Baydhabo), is a city in the south-central Bay region of Somalia. It is situated 256 kilometers (159 mi) by road northwest of the national capital Mogadishu. For a brief period during the mid-2000s, Baidoa served as the temporary seat of the Transitional Federal Government. In 2014, it was made the capital of the Southwestern State of Somalia, a prospective Federal Member State.

History

Early history

Flag of the Ajuran Sultanate, an influential Somali kingdom that held sway over Baidoa during the Middle Ages.

Baidoa and the broader Bay region is home to a number of important ancient sites. Archaeologists have found pre-historic rock art on the city's outskirts, in Buur Heybe.

During the Middle Ages, Baidoa and its surrounding area was part of the Ajuran Sultanate. The influential polity covered much of southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia, with its domain extending from Mareeg in the north, to Qelafo in the west, to Kismayo in the south.

In the early modern period, the Baidoa area was ruled by the Geledi Sultanate. The kingdom was eventually incorporated into Italian Somaliland in 1908, and ended in 1910 with the death of its last Sultan Osman Ahmed. After independence in 1960, the city was made the center of the official Baidoa District.

Civil war

Baidoa later incurred significant damage in the early 1990s, following the start of the civil war. In September 1995, United Somali Congress militia attacked and occupied the town. They remained in control of Baidoa until around January 1996, while the local Rahanweyn Resistance Army militia continued to engage the USC in the town's environs. In 1999, the RRA seized control of the wider Bay and Bakool provinces. The town and larger region gradually rebounded to become among the more stable areas in the south.

Military positions during the Battle of Baidoa (26 December 2006).

In 2002, the RRA's leader Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud founded the Southwestern State of Somalia regional administration, with its headquarters in Baidoa. The creation of the autonomous state was a move to show the RRA leadership's disaffection with the nascent Mogadishu-based Transitional National Government, which had been established two years earlier. In 2005, the Southwestern State was officially dissolved after its leader Shatigadud had joined the Transitional Federal Parliament in November 2004 and later became Minister of Finance in January 2005 in the Transitional Federal Government (TFG), the TNG's successor.

In early 2005, the TFG sent official delegations to Baidoa and Jowhar to assess the suitability of each city as a temporary headquarters for the TFG before an eventual relocation of government offices to Mogadishu. In June–July 2005, the Transitional Federal Government established an interim seat in Jowhar due to ongoing insecurity in the capital. To strengthen its presence in the town, the central authorities built an improved airport and inaugurated the Duduble Canal. The TFG later moved its temporary headquarters to Baidoa.

In December 2006, Ethiopian troops entered Somalia to assist the TFG against the advancing Islamic Courts Union, initially winning the Battle of Baidoa. On 28 December 2006, the allied forces recaptured the capital from the ICU. The offensive helped the TFG solidify its rule. On 8 January 2007, for the first time since taking office, President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed entered Mogadishu from Baidoa to engage in consultations with local business, religious and civil society representatives as the TFG moved its base to the national capital.

Following their defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical elements, including Al-Shabaab, regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At the end of 2008, the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu. In February 2012, Somali government forces and allied Ethiopian troops re-captured Baidoa from Al-Shabaab.

Southwestern State

In December 2013, a convention began in Baidoa between Federal Government officials and local representatives with the aim of establishing an autonomous state in the area under the Provision Federal Constitution. Two simultaneous political processes for the establishment of a new Southwestern State of Somalia were underway: one led by former Parliament Speaker Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan, which proposed a three region state consisting of the Bay, Bakool and Lower Shabelle provinces; another led by convention organizer Malaq Ali Shino, former MP Madobe Nunow Mohamed and erstwhile Bay region Governor Abdifatah Geesey, which proposed instead the re-establishment of a six region Southwestern Somalia state consisting of the Bay, Bakool, Lower Shabelle, Gedo, Middle Jubba and Lower Jubba provinces.

Demographics

As of 2000, Baidoa had a population of around 157,500 inhabitants. The broader Baidoa District has a total population of 227,761 residents. The city is situated at the center of one of the most densely populated areas in the nation. It is an ethnically and culturally diverse town, with many local residents originating from other parts of the country.

Additionally, Baidoa is the heartland of Maay, an Afro-Asiatic language principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn or Sab) clans in the southern regions of Somalia. Its speech area extends from the southwestern border with Ethiopia to a region close to the coastal strip between Mogadishu and Kismayo. Maay is not mutually comprehensible with Standard Somali, and it differs considerably in sentence structure and phonology. However, Maay speakers often use Standard Somali as a lingua franca, which is learned via mass communications, internal migration and urbanization.

Climate

Baidoa
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     1     34 19     1     35 20     24     36 21     165     34 22     132     31 21     15     29 19     10     29 19     8     30 19     4     31 20     106     32 21     88     32 21     17     33 20 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0     93 66     0     95 68     0.9     97 70     6.5     93 72     5.2     88 70     0.6     84 66     0.4     84 66     0.3     86 66     0.2     88 68     4.2     90 70     3.5     90 70     0.7     91 68 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Baidoa has a hot and semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh), as with much of southern Somalia. By contrast, towns in the northern part of the country generally have a hot arid climate (Köppen BWh).

Education

Baidoa has a large secondary school, from which around 100 pupils graduated per year in 2008. As of 2012, several other high schools were in development.

Tertiary education in the city is served by the University of Southern Somalia. After a considerable planning stage, the institution was established in 2007 by a group of Somali scholars and intellectuals. Inaugural classes began the following year, in August 2008. University representatives concurrently announced plans to develop four colleges: the College of Science, Agriculture, and Engineering, the College of Social Science, the College of Education, the College of Health and Environmental Sciences, and the College of Jurisprudence. Additionally, an Institute of Social Research is being developed. Plans are also in the works to construct a new campus in an area around 15km north of Baidoa, as well as two new branches in two other principal cities in the Bay region.

Transportation

Air transportation in Baidoa is served by the Baidoa Airport. Sitting at an elevation of 1,520 feet (463 m), it has a 9843 × 131 ft (3000 × 40 m) asphalt runway. The airport has fuel services, a terminal building, storage container, on-site warehouse, and radio towers.

Subdivisions

Baidoa is administratively divided into four districts:

• Isha
• Horseed
• Berdaale
• Howlwadaag

Notable residents

• Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud – former Minister of Finance of Somalia and Rahanweyn Resistance Army leader
• Nuruddin Farah – prominent writer

See also

• Battle of Baidoa

References

• Iscia Baidoa: Somalia

External links

• Administrative map of Baidoa District