Black-ray goby

Stonogobiops nematodes
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Conservation status
Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Family:	Gobiidae
Subfamily:	Gobiinae
Genus:	Stonogobiops
Species:	S. nematodes
Binomial name
Stonogobiops nematodes Hoese & J. E. Randall, 1982

Stonogobiops nematodes, the Filament-finned prawn-goby or the black-ray Goby, is a species of marine goby native to the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean from the Seychelles to the Philippines and Bali.

Physical features

Adult fish can grow up to 6 centimetres (2.4 in) in length, with the striking pointed dorsal fin becoming more raised and pronounced in adulthood. This elongated fin is the most obvious distinguishing feature between the black-ray goby and its close cousin, the yellow snout goby (S. Xanthorhinica). The fish are beautifully coloured with four diagonal brown stripes across a white body, and a distinctive yellow head. See accompanying photograph for reference.

It is almost impossible for anybody less than a specialised expert in the specific field of these types of fish to discern differences between males and females of the species.

Natural environment

This goby inhabits sandy or sand-rubble bottoms adjacent to reefs at depths of from 15 to 25 metres (49 to 82 ft). It is one of several species that form commensal relationships with Randall's pistol shrimp (Alpheus randalli).

Behaviour in the Wild

This species shares a burrow with its shrimp partner. The goby has much better eyesight than the shrimp, and, as such, acts as the watchman for both of them, keeping an eye out for danger. The shrimp spends the day digging a burrow in the sand in which both live. Burrows usually measure up to one inch in diameter, and can reach up to four feet in length. The two animals maintain continuous contact, with the shrimp placing one of its antennae permanently on the goby's tail. When danger threatens, the goby will make continuous flicks of its tail, warning the shrimp there is a predator nearby, and the shrimp will remain safely in the burrow. If the danger reaches a certain level, the goby will dart into the burrow after the shrimp.

At night, the goby will go into the burrow, and the shrimp will collapse the entrance to close it off. The burrow is exited the next day by the goby blasting its way out and collapsing the burrow. The shrimp then spends the next day laboriously rebuilding the entrance to the burrow. Both animals have also been known to share food with each other.

In the wild, most burrows are shared by male and female goby pairs, with their respective shrimp partners, and the female goby will use this burrow as a nesting site to lay her eggs.

The obvious benefits to both organisms of this symbiotic relationship make the interaction a form of mutualism. Here is an interesting example of this. The other fish is a dartfish (genus Ptereleotris). These fish are often found as unwelcome but ignored guests sharing the burrow with goby and shrimp.

Aquarium Keeping

Black-ray goby in commercial trade

This goby is in high demand for home and hobby marine aquaria due to its beautiful colouration, docile nature and interesting interaction with symbiotic shrimp. This type of goby is the most common Stonogobiops species to show up in the marine trade, but is still quite rare.

Behaviour and compatibility

This fish is very docile and poses almost no threat to any other stock inhabiting a typical marine aquarium. This passiveness makes it a perfect tankmate for delicate species like sea horses or pipefish. In fact, it is in reality quite shy, and when first introduced into an aquarium, may take up to several weeks before it is bold enough to leave its hiding place, or bolt hole. While this fish can display aggression towards other tank inhabitants by opening its mouth and "yawning" at them, this is mostly show, and the goby will quickly turn tail and hide if confronted.

The goby will spend most of its time hovering about two inches above its bolt hole, searching for scraps of food in the water column. If scared or startled, it will slowly retreat towards its hole. If the danger does not go away, it will dart inside at lightning speed.

Mated pairs of this fish are very rare and difficult to attain. Individual males may fight if placed in a tank smaller than about 50 gallons (~200 litres).

Tank environment

For successful aquarium culture, this fish needs good sand/coral rubble cover for burrow building and lots of rock cover; a reef environment is suitable. The recommended minimum tank size is 20 gallons (80 litres). It may be possible to keep these fish happily in smaller "nano reefs", but this is not advised. The water specific gravity should be 1.023 - 1.025, with a pH of 8.1 - 8.4; water temperature at 72 - 76°F / 22 - 25°C is ideal.

Care and maintenance

Small meaty foods, such as mysid (sometimes referred to as mysis shrimp) or brine shrimp, along with flake food and algae wafers, spirulina, etc. are all happily accepted. In the wild, these gobies most often feed on zooplankton. The water quality must be kept reasonably high, as with all marine species. A substrate of small-grained coral sand, with larger particles mixed in (preferably four inches or deeper) is ideal for the goby/shrimp pair to make their burrow.

External links

General information

• General information on this type of goby, from About.com
• Some general/taxonomic info
• Wetwetmedia.com link, contains some useful information, along with helpful FAQs

Information on shrimp-goby interaction

• Interesting information on a parallel relationship between other goby/shrimp types in the Atlantic
• Excellent general information on this goby, and the Stonogobiops genus in general, along with their mutualism with pistol shrimp
• - An interesting study analysing daily shrimp activity cycles, the effects of goby presence on shrimp behavior, and the effects of predation on numerical density and size of gobies