Black Cat Tavern

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For the San Francisco bar of the same name, see Black Cat Bar.
The Black Cat
Location 3909 W. Sunset Blvd.
Built 1939
Architectural style(s) Art Deco
Governing body private
Designated 2008[1][2]
Reference no. 939

The Black Cat Tavern was an LGBT bar located at 3909 West Sunset Boulevard in the Sunset Junction neighborhood of the Silver Lake district in Los Angeles, California. It was the site of one of the first riots in the United states protesting police harassment of LGBT people, and it preceded the Stonewall riots by over two years.[3]

Moreover, the police raids and the subsequent protests at the Black Cat Tavern can be understood within the spatial and temporal context of the Sunset Strip Curfew Riots that took place during the Counterculture Movement of the 1960s. Individuals protesting police raids spawned by homophobic sentiment were urged by speakers to make a "[...] unified community stand in Silver Lake against police brutality."[4] In other words, the riot at the Black Cat Tavern became a platform to discuss intersectional issues relating to the criminal justice system.

History

File:Black-Cat-2.jpg
Scan of leaflet that was distributed by activists to mobilize protesters, 1969

The bar was established in November 1966. On the night of New Year's Day 1967, several plain-clothes LAPD police officers infiltrated the tavern.[5] According to Tangents – a local gay newspaper – “The Black Cat was happy and hooping” before undercover police arrived and started beating patrons as they were ringing in the New Year: "There were colored balloons covering the ceiling ... and three glittering Christmas trees."[6] Moments later, “all hell broke loose.” [6]

File:Blackcattavern.jpg
Protesters standing in front of the Black Cat Tavern, 1969

After arresting several patrons for kissing as they celebrated the occasion,[7] the undercover police officers began beating several of the patrons[8] and ultimately arrested fourteen patrons for “assault and public lewdness."[9]

The police used deliberate and excessive force during the raid to carry out explicitly homophobic state legislation that prevented queer folks from (1) kissing and/or engaging in any sexual acts, and (2) wearing clothing that did not match their socially prescribed gender role. For example, one of the patrons was aggressively beaten in the head by a cop wielding a pool cue.

This created a riot in the immediate area that expanded to include the bar across Sanborn Avenue called New Faces, where officers knocked down the owner, a woman, and beat two bartenders unconscious.[10] Several days later, this police action incited a civil demonstration of 300-600 attendees to protest the raids on February 11, 1967. The demonstration was organized by a group called PRIDE (Personal Rights in Defense and Education) – founded by Steve Ginsberg – and the SCCRH (Southern California Council on Religion and Homophile).[9] The protest was met by squadrons of armed policemen.[5]

Two of the men arrested for kissing were later convicted under California Penal Code Section 647 and registered as sex offenders.[9] The men appealed, asserting their right of equal protection under the law, but the U.S. Supreme Court did not accept their case.[3] However, there were fundraising efforts that reached New York and San Francisco for the six convicted patrons – including Benny Baker and Charles Talley.

In addition, it was from this event that the publication The Advocate began as a newspaper for PRIDE (Personal Rights in Defense and Education).[11] Together the raid on the Black Cat Tavern and later the raid on The Patch in August 1968 inspired the formation of the Metropolitan Community Church (led by Pastor Troy Perry).[12][13]

On November 7, 2008, the site was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, HCM No. 939.[9][14]

Present day

After operating as a gay bar under several names (most recently La Barcito catering to the Latino community), in November 2012 the site became a restaurant and bar named The Black Cat in memory of the earlier establishment. The new Black Cat caters to a general clientele, and there are photographs of the events of 1967 displayed inside.[15]

Controversies

In their seminal essay, "Movements and Memory: The Making of the Stonewall Myth," Elizabeth A. Armstrong and Suzanna M. Crage examine "[...] why the Stonewall riots became central to gay collective memory while other events did not."[16] LGBT academics continue to challenge the novelty of events at the Stonewall Inn by pointing to critical moments in LGBT history that took place before 1969.

Historians of sexuality have detailed the significance of the Black Cat Tavern riots within the context of the mainstream LGBT Movement. Yet, the demonstrations never caught the attention of the popular media, and the Black Cat did not assume the role in queer history attributed to the Stonewall Rebellion two and a half years later.

The popular notion that the Stonewall Riots marked the very first time that LGBT folks "[...] fought back instead of passively enduring humiliating treatment,"[16] is false. Other critical moments in LGBT History that pre-date Stonewall include:

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Office of Historic Resources, Newsletter, January 2009.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gay LA, Page 157, Authors Faderman & Timmons, University of California Press, copyright 2006
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Baldwin, Belinda. "L.A., 1/1/67: the Black Cat riots." The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide 13.2 (2006): 28+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 23 Feb. 2016.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 2009 Newsletter.pdf City of Los Angeles, Department of City Planning, "Los Angeles’ Newest Historic-Cultural Monuments", January 2009 v.3, no. 1, p. 6.[dead link]
  10. ↑ Gay LA, Page 156, Authors Faderman & Timmons, University of California Press, copyright 2006
  11. ↑ Gay LA, Page 159, Authors Faderman & Timmons, University of California Press, copyright 2006
  12. ↑ Gay LA, Page 163, Authors Faderman & Timmons, University of California Press, copyright 2006
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Armstrong, E. A., and S. M. Crage. "Movements and Memory: The Making of the Stonewall Myth." American Sociological Review 71.5 (2006): 724-51. Web.

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