Borneo–Philippine languages

Borneo–Philippines
Outer Hesperonesian Outer Western Malayo-Polynesian
Geographic distribution:	Borneo, Philippines, and Madagascar
Linguistic classification:	Austronesian Paiwanic ? Malayo-Polynesian Borneo–Philippines
Subdivisions:	Philippine North Bornean Kayan Land Dayak Sama–Bajaw West Barito Mahakam East Barito
Glottolog:	None
The Borneo–Philippines languages (red). Not shown: Yami in Taiwan.

The Borneo–Philippines languages (also known as Outer Hesperonesian or Outer Western Malayo-Polynesian languages) are a paraphyletic group of the Austronesian languages which includes the languages of the Philippines, much of Borneo, the northern peninsula of Sulawesi, and Madagascar. They can be divided into the Bornean languages and the Philippine languages.

In this classification, the previously posited clade of Western Malayo-Polynesian, also known as Hesperonesian, has been broken up into "outer" (Borneo–Philippines) and "inner" (Sunda–Sulawesi) clades and Western Malayo-Polynesian is considered merely a geographic term (Wouk and Ross 2002). These are both remnant groups: the Borneo–Philippine languages are those Malayo-Polynesian languages which are not included in Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian and the Sunda–Sulawesi languages are those Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages which are not included in Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian. Indeed, a 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database supported at a 98% confidence level that the Bornean languages, regardless of whether they themselves are a valid unit, form an exclusive unit with Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian, whereas Sama–Bajaw is more closely related to the Philippine languages.

Classification

• Borneo–Philippine Malayo-Polynesian languages, or Outer Western MP languages
  • Philippine languages
    • Northern Philippine languages
      • Batanic languages, or Bashiic, or Ivatanic
      • Northern Luzon languages, or Cordilleran languages
      • Central Luzon languages
      • Northern Mindoro languages
    • Greater Central Philippine languages
      • South Mangyan languages
      • Central Philippine languages
      • Palawan languages
      • Mindanao languages, or Southern Philippine languages
      • Gorontalo–Mongondow languages
    • Kalamian languages
    • South Mindanao, or Bilic, languages
    • Sangiric languages
    • Minahasan languages
    • Umiray Dumaget language
    • Manide-Inagta languages
  • Bornean languages
    • North Bornean languages
      • Northeast Sabahan languages
      • North Sarawakan languages
      • Melanau–Kajang languages
      • Southwest Sabahan languages
    • Kayan–Murik languages
    • Land Dayak languages
    • Barito languages
      • East Barito languages
      • West Barito languages
      • Mahakam languages
      • Sama–Bajaw languages
  • Batanic languages: might belong to the Northern Philippine languages

References

• Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
• Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (ed.), The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems. Australian National University, 2002.
• K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005.