Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

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"CIBC" redirects here. For other uses, see CIBC (disambiguation).
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
Public
Traded as TSX: CM
NYSE: CM
S&P/TSX 60 component
Industry Financial Services, banking
Founded 1867
Headquarters Commerce Court
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Key people
 Victor Dodig, CEO and President Charles Sirois, Chairman
Revenue C$13.376 billion (2014)
Increase C$3.218 billion (2014)
Total assets C$414.903 billion (2014)
Number of employees
 44,424 (FTE, 2014)
Subsidiaries CIBC World Markets
CIBC Retail Markets
CIBC Imperial Service
CIBC Wood Gundy
Website www.cibc.com

The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (French: Banque Canadienne Impériale de Commerce), commonly CIBC, is Canada's fifth largest bank and one of the Big Five banks. The bank is headquartered at Commerce Court in Toronto, Ontario.[1] CIBC's Institution Number (or bank number) is 010, and its SWIFT code is CIBCCATT.

The bank's two strategic business units, CIBC World Markets and CIBC Retail Markets, also have international operations in the United States, the Caribbean, Asia and the United Kingdom. Globally, CIBC serves more than eleven million clients, and has over 40,000 employees. The company ranks at number 172 on the Forbes Global 2000 listing.[2] CIBC was named the strongest bank in Canada and North America, and the 3rd strongest bank in the world, by Bloomberg Markets magazine, in May 2012.[3]

History

The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, as it is known today, came into being in 1961. The bank was formed through the merger of the Canadian Bank of Commerce and the Imperial Bank of Canada. At the time, they were two of Canada's largest banks.

Origins

Commerce Building (c. 1930), now known as Commerce Court North in Toronto

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Main articles: Canadian Bank of Commerce and Imperial Bank of Canada

The Honourable William McMaster founded the Canadian Bank of Commerce which opened on May 15, 1867, in Toronto as competition for the Bank of Montreal, by 1874 it had 24 branches.

The Imperial Bank of Canada opened in Toronto on March 18, 1875, founded by former Commerce Vice-president Henry Stark Howland.

By the end of 1895, the Canadian Bank of Commerce had grown to 58 branches and the Imperial Bank of Canada to 18.

The 1896 gold strike in the Yukon prompted the Dominion Government to ask the Canadian Bank of Commerce to open a branch in Dawson City. Acquisitions in the 1920s caused the Commerce Bank to become one of the strongest branch networks in Canada with over 700 local branches; and the bank opened international branches in Cuba, Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad during the same period.

Wood, Gundy & Company, the precursor of CIBC's investment banking arm, opened its doors on February 1, 1905. During World War I, it took a prominent and active role in the organization of Victory Loans.

The Canadian Bank of Commerce opened its new head office in Toronto in 1931. An observation gallery on the 32nd floor attracted visitors who could get an aerial view of the city.

In 1936, the Commerce was the first Canadian bank to establish a personal loans department.

Following World War II, both banks opened new branches. Although the banks had been barred from the mortgage business since 1871, the Canadian government now called upon them to provide mortgage services. So, in 1954, Canadian banks started offering mortgages for new construction.

Forming Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

In 1960, Imperial chairman Stuart Mackersy approached Neil McKinnon the President of the Commerce with a proposal to merge the two banks. This followed a decade of expansion in the Canadian economy and Canada's capitalization of the industrialization of its natural resources. They quickly reached a deal between the two banks.

The newly merged CIBC commissioned a new logo to commemorate its 100th year of operation. The "chevron" logo was in use until 1994[4]

On June 1, 1961, the Canadian Bank of Commerce and the Imperial Bank of Canada merged to form the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce with over 1,200 branches across Canada. The new bank possessed the greatest resources and the most branches of any bank in the country.

Following the merger, the new bank commissioned a new head office. While planning to retain Commerce Court North, the bank hired architect I. M. Pei to design a three-building complex. The result was Commerce Court consisting of a landscaped courtyard complementing the existing building and included the newly built Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). Commerce Court West. When completed in 1973, the 57-storey building was the tallest in Canada, and the largest stainless-steel-clad building in the world.

In 1967, both Canada and CIBC celebrated their centenaries and CIBC was the only chartered bank to have a branch on-site at Expo 67. Also at this time computerization began to change banking services and the Yonge and Bloor branch in Toronto was the first Canadian bank branch to update customer bank books via computer. This also marked the introduction of inter-branch banking. Before the decade was out, CIBC had introduced the first 24-hour cash dispenser, which would eventually become the ATM.

Changes to federal and provincial regulations ending the separation of banks, investment dealers, trust companies and insurance companies came in 1987. CIBC quickly took advantage of this and became the first Canadian bank to operate an investment dealer, CIBC Securities, offering services to the public.

In 1988, CIBC acquired a majority interest in Wood Gundy which brought a well-respected name and reputation in underwriting. Shortly thereafter, the corporation merged Wood Gundy and CIBC Securities under the name CIBC Wood Gundy which became CIBC Oppenheimer in 1997[5] and later, CIBC World Markets.

In 1992, CIBC introduced automated telephone banking; in 1995 the bank launched its website, and shortly thereafter began offering banking services online. In 1998, CIBC joined with Loblaws to create President's Choice Financial which it launched in 28 Ottawa area stores.

Present

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. CIBC agreed to merge with the Toronto-Dominion Bank in 1998. However the Government of Canada, at the recommendation of then Finance Minister Paul Martin, blocked the merger – as well as another proposed by the Bank of Montreal with the Royal Bank of Canada – as not in the best interest of Canadians.[6]

CIBC sold its corporate and purchasing credit card business to U.S. Bank Canada in October 2006 which joined it with business charge cards it previously acquired from Royal Bank of Canada.

In 2006, the stock ticker symbol on the New York Stock Exchange changed from BCM to CM to bring it in line with the ticker symbol on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

In December 2006, CIBC acquired majority control of its publicly held joint venture FirstCaribbean International Bank for just over US$1 billion, (Bds$2 billion), when it purchased the 43.7% stake owned by Barclays Bank.[7] CIBC rebranded the division CIBC FirstCaribbean International Bank in 2011.[8]

On February 12, 2009, the Trinidad and Tobago Express reported that CIBC was pursuing discussions to buy CL Financial's stake in the Republic Bank of Trinidad and Tobago.[9] As part of a "bail out" agreement of CL Financial by the government of Trinidad and Tobago during the Global financial crisis of 2008–2009, the corporation was required to sell Republic and other assets. As of February 2011, CL Financial had yet to agree to a sale.[10]

In February, 2010 CIBC became the first chartered bank in Canada to launch a mobile banking iPhone App. It surpassed 100,000 downloads in just over one month following launch, with over 1 million client logins to CIBC Mobile Banking since its introduction.[11][12]

Four months later, the bank announced it signed a deal to buy a C$2.1-billion credit card portfolio from Citigroup's Citibank Canada Master Card business.[13]

Finally in October of that year, CIBC announced that it would be the first bank in Canada to introduce the internationally used Visa-branded debit card.[14]

In April 2013, CIBC reached an agreement with Invesco to acquire Atlantic Trust, the company's based wealth management unit for US$210 million.[15]

Notable corporate activities and international operations

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North America

  • Canadian Eastern Finance Limited (CEF): formed by CIBC and Hutchison Whampoa of Hong Kong; includes CEF Capital Limited, CEF Investment Management Limited
  • Amicus FSB: A similar setup as President's Choice Financial, it was created in 1999 in the United States with Winn Dixie and Safeway Inc. under the Marketplace Bank and Safeway Select Bank brands. It was disbanded in 2002 and sold to E*Trade Bank.
  • Soltrus Inc 2001: provider of digital trust services for businesses and consumers to communicate and transact over digital networks owned by CIBC, Telus Corp and VeriSign Inc.
  • Aplettix Inc 2000: firm specializing in secure transaction systems in the banking sector; CIBC signed an agreement with the New York-based firm in 2000, but the project was later abandoned for alternatives such as VeriSign
  • Canadian Defence Community Banking - CIBC and the Department of National Defence have worked together to develop Canadian Defence Community Banking, a banking program created specifically to meet the unique needs of the Canadian military community. Services are provided by CIBC Retail Markets in the same way as the CIBC PC Financial products.

Caribbean and the West Indies

CIBC FirstCaribbean International Bank (2011), in Bridgetown, St. Michael, Barbados

In 1920, Canadian Bank of Commerce established its first branches in the West Indies in Bridgetown, Barbados and in Kingston, Jamaica. That same year it also opened branches in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Havana, Cuba. Its first branch in Mexico City opened in 1910. In 1957, the bank opened a branch in Nassau, the Bahamas, and in the subsequent years expanded its operations in Jamaica.

Between 1963 and 1988, the bank expanded its branch network in Barbados opened branches in St. Vincent, Antigua, and St Lucia. In 1988, CIBC sold 45% of its shares in CIBC Jamaica via a public share issue. Between 1993 and 1996, the bank restructured its holdings in the Caribbean, with the incorporation of CIBC West Indies Holdings Limited and CIBC Caribbean Limited. CIBC West Indies Holdings then sold 30% of its shares to the public. In 1997, CIBC issued 5 million shares in CIBC Bahamas Limited to the public.

On October 31, 2001, Barclays Bank PLC and CIBC agreed to combine their Caribbean operations to establish FirstCaribbean International Bank. In 2006, CIBC bought Barclays' stake to give it control of approximately 92% of FirstCaribbean.[8] In 2010, CIBC acquired a 22.5% equity of Butterfield Bank of Bermuda.[16]

Restructuring and outsourcing

  • HP Intria Items (Intria Corp): Formed by CIBC with Hewlett Packard and Fiserv Canada in 1996; In 2005, CIBC acquired the remaining shares from Fiserv and Intria became a unit of CIBC
  • EDULINX Canada Corporation: Established in 1999; sold to Nelnet Canada Inc., the Canadian unit of Nelnet, Inc., in late 2004
  • TSYS: In 2002, signed a 10-year agreement with Total Systems Services Inc. of Columbus, Georgia to outsource credit card processing operations

Miscellaneous

Li Ka Shing, Hong Kong billionaire was the largest foreign shareholder in the bank for over two decades, but in early 2005 he sold his portion (est. C$1.2 billion) to establish a Canadian charity, the Li Ka Shing Foundation. CIBC was Mr. Li's choice for financing many of his Canadian ventures, like Husky Energy. Mr. Li had reportedly backed personal and commercial banking head Holger Kluge to succeed Al Flood as CEO of CIBC in 1999.

Corporate governance

CIBC is well known for its publicized battles of succession to the top position of President and CEO (formerly styled chairman and CEO until 2003 when the positions were separated). When Al Flood became CEO, one of his first acts was to fire his chief rival Paul Cantor. In 1999, the company saw a competition between Wood Gundy (now CIBC World Markets) chief John S. Hunkin and Personal/Commercial banking head Holger Kluge, with Kluge retiring after Hunkin became chairman. In February 2004, Hunkin forced his friend and heir-apparent, David Kassie, to resign as chairman and CEO of World Markets after several scandals in the US. Both men had waived their bonuses in 2002 after that year produced the worst results in the history of the bank. Kassie afterwards founded Genuity Capital and was alleged to have raided 20 key employees from World Markets for his new startup, causing CIBC to file suit.[18] Gerald T. McCaughey became Kassie's replacement heading World Markets and in February 2004, was promoted to President and chief operating officer, assuring his succession as CEO.[19] Shortly after assuming his position, McCaughey reportedly dismissed Jill Denham, Vice Chair of Retail Markets and a potential rival for the CEO post. Denham was reportedly a close ally of Hunkin and Kassie and McCaughey wanted to build his own senior executive team.[20]

Current senior executive team:

  • Victor Dodig - President and CEO
  • Mike Capatides - Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel, Administration Division
  • Steve Geist - Senior Executive Vice-President and Group Head, Wealth Management
  • Kevin Glass - Senior Executive-Vice President, and chief financial officer
  • Laura Dottori-Attanasio - Senior Executive Vice-President and Chief Risk Officer, Risk Management
  • Harry Culham - managing director and Group Co-Head, Wholesale Banking
  • Geoff Belsher - managing director and Group Co-Head, Wholesale Banking
  • Kevin Patterson - Senior Executive Vice-President, Technology and Operations
  • David Williamson - Senior Executive Vice-President, and Group Head, Retail and Business Banking

Current members of the board of directors:[21]

  • Brent S. Belzberg (2005); Senior Managing Partner, Torquest Partners Inc.
  • Gary F. Colter (2003); President, CRS Inc.
  • Patrick D. Daniel (2009); Past President and Chief Executive Officer, Enbridge Inc.
  • Luc Desjardins (2009); President and Chief Executive Officer, Superior Plus Corp.
  • Hon. Gordon D. Giffin (2001); Senior Partner, McKenna Long & Aldridge LLP
  • Linda S. Hasenfratz (2004); Chief Executive Officer, Linamar Corporation
  • Kevin J. Kelly (2013); Corporate Director
  • Nicholas D. Le Pan (2008); Corporate Director
  • Hon. John P. Manley, P.C., O.C. (2005); Chair of the Board
  • Victor G. Dodig (2014); President and Chief Executive Officer, CIBC
  • Jane L. Peverett (2009); Corporate Director
  • Katharine B. Stevenson (2011); Corporate Director
  • Martine Turcotte (2014); Vice Chair, Quebec, BCE Inc. and Bell Canada
  • Ronald W. Tysoe (2004); Corporate Director
  • Barry Zubrow (2015); President, ITB LLC

Awards and recognition

2010

  • Named Canada's Best Consumer Internet Bank for the third consecutive year by Global Finance magazine in its 11th annual "World's Best Internet Banks" competition
  • Selected by Corporate Knights as one of the Best 50 Corporate Citizens, marking the sixth such award since the annual ranking began in 2002
  • Named one of Canada's 50 Most Socially Responsible Corporations in a report by Jantzi Research and Maclean's
  • Recognized by the Sponsorship Marketing Council of Canada (SMCC) with the Award of Distinction in the Sustained Success category for sponsorship of the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation CIBC Run for the Cure; CIBC also won this award in 2006 and 2007
  • Recognized for the third consecutive year as one of Canada's Best Employers for New Canadians by the editors of Canada's Top 100 Employers

2009

  • Winner for "Best Project Achievement in Business Enabling Processes" for enhancements to debit card fraud processes and runner up in another category at the Global Six Sigma & Business Improvement Awards
  • Recipient of Outstanding Corporation Philanthropy Award from The Association of Fundraising Professionals (AFP) Greater Toronto Chapter
  • Recognized with a Silver Canadian Award for Training Excellence in Internal eLearning from the Canadian Society for Training and Development (CSTD) for the second consecutive year
  • Honoured at the Canadian Society for Training and Development (CSTD) President's Dinner with a Canadian WOW Award for training excellence in recognition of the success of its CIBC Connection to Employment initiative
  • Awarded the first CNIB Site Check certification for providing barrier-free web access on CIBC.com to people who are blind or have vision loss
  • Selected for the third consecutive year as a Climate Disclosure Leader by the Conference Board of Canada and the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP)
  • Selected as a component of the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI), an influential benchmark for socially responsible asset managers
  • Recipient of the Outstanding Corporation Philanthropy Award by the Greater Toronto Chapter of the Association of Fundraising Professionals (AFP)
  • Voted the "Best Consumer Internet Bank" in Canada with the "Best Online Consumer Credit Site" in North America for the second consecutive year, according to Global Finance magazine in its 10th annual "World's Best Internet Banks" competition
  • Selected as a member of the Best 50 Corporate Citizens list for 2009 by Corporate Knights
  • Campus Recruitment Team recognized by the University of Toronto's Rotman School of Management as the 2009 Rotman Student Choice Award Winner in the financial services category; this followed recognition as the 2008 top employer for summer recruitment in the same category
  • Recipient of four 2009 mutual fund Lipper Awards and seven Lipper Certificates
  • Recipient of the 2009 Edmonton Mayor's Celebration of the Arts Award for Innovative Support for the "CIBC Theatre for All"
  • International Financial Law Review names 2008 debut of covered bond program named "Securitization Deal of the Year"
  • Named one of this country's "Best Employers for New Canadians" by the editors of Canada's Top 100 Employers and representatives from the Toronto Region Immigrant Employment Council (TRIEC)[22]

Sponsorships

As a founding partner of the Toronto Blue Jays baseball club, CIBC was the team's official bank until selling its ownership stake in 2000.[23]

CIBC partnered with Air Canada in 1991 to offer credit cards as part of the airline's loyalty program, Aeroplan. In 2009, the program announced that a new agreement with Toronto-Dominion Bank would be effective January 1, 2014.[15]

As part of its purchase of MasterCard from Citibank Canada in 2010, CIBC acquired the co-branded Petro-Canada rewards credit card and continues to jointly market the card.[13]

On October 27, 2011, CIBC announced a partnership with the PANAM Toronto 2015 Organizing Committee to become lead partner of the 2015 Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games[24]

CIBC is an industry partner of the University of Waterloo Stratford Campus.[25]

Credit agency ratings

On October 26, 2012, rating agency Moody's Investors Service announced it would review the long-term ratings of CIBC along with other Canadian banks, because of concerns about consumer debt levels, housing prices, a sizable exposure to capital markets and more. The review resulted in a downgrade from Aa3 to Aa2 on January 28, 2013.[26]

Settlements and controversies

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Enron

On December 22, 2003, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) fined CIBC US$80 million for its role in the manipulation of Enron financial statements. This consists of $37.5 million to repay ill-gotten gains, a $37.5 million penalty and $5 million in interest. The money is intended to be returned to Enron fraud victims pursuant to the Fair Fund provisions of Section 308(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.[27]

The SEC also sued three of CIBC's executives. CIBC Executive Vice President Daniel Ferguson and former CIBC Executive Director Mark Wolf agreed to settle for US$563,000 and US$60,000, respectively. Ian Schottlaender, former managing director in CIBC's corporate leveraged finance group in New York initially contested the charges[28] but on July 12, 2004 he agreed to pay US$528,750 as well as be barred from serving as an officer or director of a publicly traded company for a period of five years.[29] Under these agreements the individuals neither admit nor deny wrongdoing.

The SEC complaint charges that "CIBC and the three executives with having helped Enron to mislead its investors through a series of complex structured finance transactions over a period of several years preceding Enron's bankruptcy." The agreement reached between the SEC and CIBC permanently enjoins CIBC from violating the antifraud, books and records, and internal control provisions of the federal securities laws.[27][28]

On August 2, 2005, CIBC paid US$2.4 billion to settle a class action lawsuit brought by a group of pension funds and investment managers, including the University of California, which claims that "systematic fraud by Enron and its officers led to the loss of billions and the collapse of the company."[30]

Market timing

On July 25, 2005 CIBC confirmed it would pay US$125 million to settle an investigation into its role in the 2003 Mutual-fund scandal. Linda Chatman Thomsen, director of the SEC's division of enforcement, said, "by knowingly financing customers' late trading and market timing, as well as providing financing in amounts far greater than the law allows, CIHI and World Markets boosted their customers' trading profits at the expense of long-term mutual fund shareholders."[31] Under the settlement, CIBC neither admitted nor denied the allegations.[32]

Visa cardholders

On August 27, 2004, CIBC confirmed that it would settle a class-action lawsuit on behalf of CIBC Visa cardholders. The plaintiffs alleged that the conversion of foreign-currency transactions resulted in an undisclosed or inadequately disclosed mark-up. After approval by an Ontario Superior Court judge, CIBC announced October 15, 2004, that the settlement would result in the bank paying C$13.85 million to its cardholders, $1 million to the United Way, $1.65 million to the Class Action Fund of the Law Society of Upper Canada, and $3 million in legal fees. The bank also announced that it has not admitted any liability and is settling to avoid further litigation with its cardholders.[33]

Voluntary refund of erroneous charges

On May 20, 2004, CIBC announced that it would refund C$24 million to some of its customers as a result of erroneous overdraft and mortgage charges which were discovered in the course of an internal review. "This is being done as part of CIBC's effort to correct its error and to ensure that it distributes to customers all of the money it received in error," the bank said.[34]

In a similar incident, CIBC announced April 27, 2006 that it's refunding an additional C$27 million to about 200,000 clients who were overcharged for certain overdraft fees and other borrowing transactions, some of which date back to 1993. In cases where clients were undercharged, the bank decided not to seek reimbursement.[35]

Privacy

2005

On April 18, 2005 the Privacy Commissioner of Canada expressed disappointment in the way CIBC dealt with incidents involving the bank misdirecting faxes containing customers' personal information.[36] One involved misdirecting faxes to a scrap yard operator in West Virginia from 2001 to 2004. The misdirected faxes contained the social security numbers, home addresses, phone numbers, and detailed bank account data of several hundred bank customers.[37]

The second incident involved a Dorval businessman and allegedly took place from 2000 to 2004. In both cases, the commissioner noted that the bank did not inform the affected clients, whose personal information was compromised, until the incidents became public and an investigation was underway.[38]

Within days of reports by CTV News and The Globe and Mail, CIBC management announced a directive that banned employees from using fax machines to transmit any documents containing confidential customer information.[39]

2007

On January 18, 2007, CIBC Asset Management announced that the personal information of about 470,000 current and former clients of Talvest Mutual Funds, a CIBC subsidiary, had gone missing. The information may have included client names, addresses, signatures, dates of birth, bank account numbers, beneficiary information and/or Social Insurance Numbers.[40] The incident stemmed from the disappearance of a hard drive containing information on "the process used to open and administer" customer accounts as it was traveling between the bank's Montreal and Toronto offices.[41] The Privacy Commissioner of Canada stated, "Although I appreciate that the bank notified us of this incident and that it is working cooperatively with my Office, I am nevertheless deeply troubled, especially given the magnitude of this breach, which puts at risk the personal information of hundreds of thousands of Canadians." She immediately launched a privacy investigation.[42]

Employee overtime

In June 2007, Dara Fresco, a Toronto teller, named CIBC in a $600 million class-action lawsuit regarding the lack of overtime pay to its customer service staff. Fresco v. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce is a class action brought on behalf of current and former non-management, non-unionized employees of CIBC in Canada who are or were tellers or other front-line customer service employees working at CIBC retail branch office across Canada. The lawsuit alleges that class members are assigned heavier workloads than could be completed within their standard working hours. They were required or permitted to work overtime to meet the demands of their jobs and CIBC failed to pay for the overtime work in direct contravention of the Canada Labour Code under which they are regulated.[43]

The Ontario Superior Court dismissed the suit June 18, 2012, stating the evidence '"provides no basis in fact that there is a systemic practice of unpaid overtime at CIBC."'[44]

An employee of the Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank) filed a similar suit which the Superior Court certified. Fresco and Scotiabank each appealed their adverse, and contradictory, rulings and the Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that both cases could proceed.[45]

Both banks appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada which on March 21, 2013, denied their requests and allowed the lawsuits to proceed.[46] The cases are awaiting further action as of late 2013.

Significant buildings

Gallery

See also

References

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  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "alexander" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Securities and Exchange Commission v. Ian Schottlaender, U.S. H-03-5785 (Southern District of Texas 13 July 2004).
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Biography
  • Victor Ross A History of the Canadian Bank of Commerce (1920–1934)
  • Rupert Canadian Investment Bank Review McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Limited 1992

External links

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