Censorship in the Polish People's Republic
- "Censorship in Poland" redirects here, as censorship is far more relaxed in present day Poland compared to the PPR. This article is about historical censorship in the communist People's Republic of Poland (1944-1990).
Censorship in the Polish People's Republic was primarily performed by the Polish Main Office of Control of Press, Publications and Shows (Główny Urząd Kontroli Prasy, Publikacji i Widowisk), a governmental institution created in 1946 by the pro-Soviet Provisional Government of National Unity with Stalin's approval and backing, and renamed in 1981 as the Główny Urząd Kontroli Publikacji i Widowisk. The bureau was liquidated after the fall of communism in Poland, in April 1990.[1]
Library collections were systematically cleansed, the majority of the books destroyed, some isolated in Party or academic libraries. A list of prohibited publications and black-listed writers was created in 1950 during the darkest years of Stalinism in Poland with some 1,682 items, and subsequently modified many times by the communist authorities in the Polish People's Republic. Some writers popular before World War II, for example Wacław Kostek-Biernacki who was sentenced to death as an enemy of the state in 1953, had their books not only removed from libraries, but also meticulously destroyed.[2]
After the rise of Solidarity movement in 1980, independent editors were allowed to begin indicating clearly the segments that had been censored instead of hiding such deletions or withdrawing their entire publications. The decades of relentless censorship fed the underground press and publications in Poland (called bibuła in Polish).
In addition to the censorship of the publications, the state also jammed foreign radio and television stations[citation needed], such as Radio Free Europe and Voice of America.
Defection of Tomasz Strzyżewski
In 1977 one of the Polish censors, Tomasz Strzyżewski, defected to Sweden with stolen classified documents which he published in the Black Book of Censorship (pl). The book was based on one of two copies of guidelines in the safe of every censorship department of GUKPPiW (Główny Urząd Kontroli Prasy, Publikacji i Widowisk). The official name of the guidelines in Polish was "Książka Zapisów i Zaleceń GUKPPiW" (The Book of Records and Recommendations of GUKPPiW). These materials included photocopies of the originals and personal notes in his notebooks.[3][4][5] No-one at his office was allowed to take them out of the building or reprint them: the Bureau censors were allowed only to remove these guidelines from the safe and read them on site. Document was generic in nature: "It's forbidden to write about any info on the disaster in X". "It's forbidden to write about any increase in deaths from xy ". Natural catastrophes,[6] or even carcinogenicity of Asbestos, or noxiousness of the plastic used in artificial Christmas trees were also covered there.
Other topics were mentioning the names of censored authors, unless negative arguments about their works were given. Even statistical data about coffee drinking in Poland were banned[7] as this might cause protests against reexporting this product from Poland.
In the 1990s when after the Bureau was dissolved and its archives released, not all copies of such censorship guidelines were submitted and their existence was denied. However some years later former censors of the Bureau confirmed that they had such books in their departments, and that they used it as reference.[8]
See also
- Czarna ksiega cenzury PRL - The Black Book of the Censorship of People's Poland. In two or one parts called in English: The Black Book of the Censorship of People's Poland—Part 1, ed. T. Strzyżewski, ANEKS, London, 1977 The Black Book of the Censorship of People's Poland—Part 2, ed. T. Strzyżewski, ANEKS, London, 1977. Reference in World Cat
- Culture in the Polish People's Republic
- Propaganda in the Polish People's Republic
- Eastern Bloc information dissemination
- Katyn massacre
Other Eastern Bloc states:
Notes and references
- ↑ Cenzura w Polsce. "Wiem" encyklopedia. 2011 Onet.pl SA.
- ↑ Mikołaj Falkowski, Wacław Kostek-Biernacki. Polskie Radio. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ↑ http://archiwum.evot.org/ipn/strzyzewski/
- ↑ http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/staff/Blackbook.html
- ↑ http://www.teleman.pl/tv/Errata-Do-Biografii-Tomasz-Strzyzewski-252730
- ↑ Tomasz Tokarz: Cisza w służbie cenzury. „Kultura i Historia”. ISSN 1642-9826
- ↑ Kamil Rutecki: O cenzurze w PRL-u. p. 7
- ↑ filmpolski.pl: Wielka ucieczka cenzora.
