Cinnamaldehyde

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Cinnamaldehyde
Skeletal formula of cinnamaldehyde
Ball-and-stick model of the cinnamaldehyde molecule
Names
IUPAC name
(2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enal
Other names
Cinnamic aldehyde; trans-cinnamaldehyde
Identifiers
104-55-2 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:16731 YesY
ChEMBL ChEMBL293492 YesY
ChemSpider 553117 YesY
EC Number 203-213-9
2423
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C00903 YesY
PubChem 637511
RTECS number GD6475000
UNII SR60A3XG0F YesY
  • InChI=1S/C9H8O/c10-8-4-7-9-5-2-1-3-6-9/h1-8H/b7-4+ YesY
    Key: KJPRLNWUNMBNBZ-QPJJXVBHSA-N YesY
  • InChI=1/C9H8O/c10-8-4-7-9-5-2-1-3-6-9/h1-8H/b7-4+
    Key: KJPRLNWUNMBNBZ-QPJJXVBHBH
  • c1ccc(cc1)/C=C/C=O
Properties
C9H8O
Molar mass 132.16 g/mol
Appearance Yellow oil
Odor pungent, cinnamon-like
Density 1.0497 g/mL
Melting point −7.5 °C (18.5 °F; 265.6 K)
Boiling point 248 °C (478 °F; 521 K)
Slightly Soluble
Solubility soluble in ether, chloroform
insoluble in petroleum ether
miscible with alcohol, oils
1.6195
Vapor pressure {{{value}}}
Related compounds
Related compounds
 Cinnamic acid
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
YesY verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Cinnamaldehyde is the organic compound that gives cinnamon its flavor and odor.[1] This pale yellow, viscous liquid occurs naturally in the bark of cinnamon trees and other species of the genus Cinnamomum. The essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 98% cinnamaldehyde.[citation needed]

Structure and synthesis

Cinnamaldehyde was isolated from cinnamon essential oil in 1834 by Dumas and Péligot[2] and synthesized in the laboratory by Chiozza in 1854.[3]

The natural product is trans-cinnamaldehyde. The molecule consists of a benzene ring attached to an unsaturated aldehyde. As such, the molecule can be viewed as a derivative of acrolein. Its color is due to the π → π* transition: increased conjugation in comparison with acrolein shifts this band towards the visible.[4]

Synthesis

Several methods of laboratory synthesis exist, but cinnamaldehyde is most economically obtained from the steam distillation of the oil of cinnamon bark. The compound can be prepared from related compounds such as cinnamyl alcohol, (the alcohol form of cinnamaldehyde), but the first synthesis from unrelated compounds was the aldol condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde.

Metabolism

Cinnamaldehyde occurs widely, and closely related compounds give rise to lignin. All such compounds are biosynthesized starting from phenylalanine, which undergoes conversion.[5]

Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase is an enzyme responsible for the production of cinnamoyl-CoA from cinnamaldehyde.

Applications

As a flavorant

The most obvious application for cinnamaldehyde is as flavoring in chewing gum, ice cream, candy, and beverages; use levels range from 9 to 4900 parts per million (ppm) (that is, less than 0.5%). It is also used in some perfumes of natural, sweet, or fruity scents. Almond, apricot, butterscotch, and other aromas may partially employ the compound for their pleasant smells. Cinnamaldehyde can be used as a food adulterant; powdered beechnut husk aromatized with cinnamaldehyde can be marketed as powdered cinnamon.[6]

As an agrichemical

Cinnamaldehyde is also used as a fungicide.[7] Proven effective on over 40 different crops, cinnamaldehyde is typically applied to the root systems of plants. Its low toxicity and well-known properties make it ideal for agriculture. Cinnamaldehyde is an effective insecticide, and its scent is also known to repel animals, such as cats and dogs.[7] It has been tested as a safe and effective insecticide against mosquito larvae.[8] A concentration of 29 ppm of cinnamaldehyde kills half of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae in 24 hours.[9] Trans-cinnamaldehyde works as a potent fumigant and practical repellant for adult mosquitos.[10]

Miscellaneous uses

Cinnamaldehyde is also known as a corrosion inhibitor for steel and other ferrous alloys in corrosive fluids. It can be used in combination with additional components such as dispersing agents, solvents and other surfactants. Its high refractive index of 1.6220 makes it a fairly safe and useful fluid for examining gemstone rough for inclusions.[citation needed]

Derivatives of cinnamaldehyde

Numerous derivatives of cinnamaldehyde are commercially useful. Dihydrocinnamyl alcohol, which occurs naturally but is produced by double hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde, is used to confer the fragrances of hyacinth and lilac. Cinnamyl alcohol similarly occurs naturally and has the odor of lilac, but can be also produced starting from cinnamaldehyde.[11] Dihydrocinnamaldehyde is produced by the selective hydrogenation of the alkene subunit. α-Amyl- and α-hexylcinnamaldehyde are important commercial fragrances, but they are not prepared from cinnamaldehyde.[6]

Toxicology

Cinnamaldehyde is used in agriculture because of its low toxicity, but it is a skin irritant.[12]

References

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  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

  1. REDIRECT Template:Phenylpropanoid
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