Cladribine

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Cladribine
Cladribine.svg
Systematic (IUPAC) name
5-(6-Amino-2-chloro-purin-9-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-ol
Clinical data
Trade names Leustatin, Litak, Movectro, Leucladin
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a693015
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
  • US: D (Evidence of risk)
Legal status
Routes of
administration		 Intravenous, subcutaneous, oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 100% (i.v.)
Protein binding 25% (range 5-50%)[1]
Metabolism Mostly via intracellular kinases; 15-18% if excreted unchanged[1]
Biological half-life 5.4 hours (range 3-22 hours)[1]
Excretion Urinary[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number 4291-63-8 YesY
ATC code L01BB04 (WHO)
PubChem CID: 20279
IUPHAR/BPS 4799
DrugBank DB00242 YesY
ChemSpider 19105 YesY
UNII 47M74X9YT5 YesY
KEGG D01370 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:567361 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL1619 YesY
Chemical data
Formula C10H12ClN5O3
Molecular mass 285.687 g/mol
  • Clc1nc(c2ncn(c2n1)[C@@H]3O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)C3)CO)N
  • InChI=1S/C10H12ClN5O3/c11-10-14-8(12)7-9(15-10)16(3-13-7)6-1-4(18)5(2-17)19-6/h3-6,17-18H,1-2H2,(H2,12,14,15)/t4-,5+,6+/m0/s1 YesY
  • Key:PTOAARAWEBMLNO-KVQBGUIXSA-N YesY
  (verify)

Cladribine is a medication used to treat hairy cell leukemia (HCL, leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) and multiple sclerosis. Its chemical name is 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2CDA).

As a purine analog, it is a synthetic anti-cancer agent that also suppresses the immune system. Chemically, it mimics the nucleoside adenosine and thus inhibits the enzyme adenosine deaminase, which interferes with the cell's ability to process DNA. It is easily destroyed by normal cells except for blood cells, with the result that it produces relatively few side effects and results in very little non-target cell loss.

Medical uses

Cladribine is used for the treatment of symptomatic hairy cell leukemia.[2]

According to the drug's FDA-approved prescribing information,[3] the median time to normalization of blood counts in people with hairy cell leukemia is: two weeks for platelets, five weeks for absolute neutrophil counts, eight weeks for hemoglobin, and nine weeks for a patient to have all three parameters normalized. Weeks are counted from the first day of treatment, and all patients were on a seven-day daily treatment schedule for these studies.

It is under investigation for other B cell leukemias and lymphomas, such as mantle cell lymphoma,[4] and for use in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

According to the Histiocytosis Association, cladribine is used to treat histiocytosis.[5]

Routes of administration

For hairy cell leukemia, cladribine can be given by i.v. infusion or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection.

For outpatient i.v. infusions, the delivery time (not including time to place the i.v. line) may range from one to four hours; two hours is most common. Continuous i.v. infusion may be chosen; this approach drips in the cladribine slowly, 24 hours a day using a portable pump and a central venous catheter or a PICC line. By contrast, s.c. injections take less than ten seconds per day.

The same total doses are given by both routes. Intravenous and s.c. routes have the same overall outcomes, and the s.c. route may be reduce the infections and other risks associated with venipuncture.[6]

An oral tablet form of cladribine has been successfully tested in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis.[7]

Treatment schedule

Using either i.v. or s.c. routes of administration, cladribine can be administered on a daily or a weekly schedule. Daily schedules involve one s.c. injection or one i.v. infusion per day for five to seven consecutive days. Weekly schedules involve one injection or infusion each week, for five or six weeks. One cycle is normally sufficient to produce a complete response, but in the event of a partial response, cycles may safely be repeated one to three months after the end of the first cycle.

Actual doses are calculated according to the surface area of the patient's skin instead of by weight, and divided by the number of planned treatments.

All schedules produce the same benefits and disadvantages. Five-day and seven-day daily schedules give the same total amount of drug and have the same outcomes, including remissions and adverse effects.[8] Daily and weekly schedules give the same total amount of drug and have the same outcomes, including similar proportions of complete responses and similar proportions of patients hospitalized for fevers and opportunistic infections.[9]

Adverse effects

Existing studies estimate that from 18%[10] to 42%[11] of patients will experience a fever after cladribine infusion. This is usually a transient fever which can be treated with acetaminophen (paracetamol).[12] In some cases these fevers resolve in less than 48 hours,[13] with no evidence of infection.

However, other patients have fevers that last longer and may be caused by an infection.[13][14] Very few infections have actually been documented,[11] but they do happen, and these infections are largely responsible for the 3% mortality rate associated with cladribine therapy in HCL.[15] Factors that increased the likelihood of a neutropenic fever (with or without concomitant infection) include: anemia, hypocholesterolemia, a high proportion of hairy cells in the bone marrow with a low proportion of myelopoietic cells, low albumin, and high C-reactive protein. These are all signs of an advanced case of HCL.

In patients with hairy cell leukemia, there is no benefit to using hormones such as filgrastim or Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor to raise white blood cell counts prophylactically.[11][15] The use of these expensive drugs does not reduce the number of patients who experience fevers, the number of days that the fevers last, or the number of patients admitted to the hospital for antibiotic treatments.[11] Therefore, routine adjunctive use (that is, use when there are no signs of infection) is not recommended.[11][neutrality is disputed]

In addition to fevers, cladribine increases the risk of herpes virus infections, particularly shingles.[10]

Some patients develop a rash after treatment. Nearly all patients who develop a rash are taking other drugs, notably allopurinol or a sulfa drug, which are known to cause rashes, and the rash is likely due to these drugs rather than to cladribine itself.[3]

Some HCL patients will require blood transfusions of platelets or packed red blood cells.[8]

Patients are expected to experience a decline in blood cell counts during treatment. Several weeks after successful treatment, cell counts will begin to rebound, with platelet and neutrophil counts recovering before red blood cells and T cells. T4 cell counts may never reach pre-disease levels. Patients are usually advised to avoid sick people and large crowds of people as well as to wash their hands and keep their hands away from their eyes, nose, and mouth until their neutrophil counts have recovered.

Many patients experience fatigue, even in the absence of anemia, but since fatigue is a common feature of the disease, this may be caused by the disease instead of by the drug.

This drug does not cause hair loss, vomiting, or other side effects that are commonly associated with "old style" alkylating chemotherapy drugs. However, peripheral neuropathy has been reported occasionally after repeated doses of cladribine in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Overdose may cause kidney damage.

History

Cladribine was designed by Dennis A. Carson as an anti-lymphocyte compound, while he was at The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California.[16] It was first synthesized at Brigham Young University.[17] The pharmacology and clinical applications were researched by scientists at Johnson and Johnson [23], which filed the New Drug Application and launched the drug in 1993.

Cladribine was designed based on information about an immune deficiency disease called adenosine deaminase deficiency. Carson described it as "a targeted agent directed against lymphocytes at a time when there was no such thing as targeted agents".[18]

In 2008, Ernest Beutler of The Scripps Research Institute won the Wallace H. Coulter Award for Lifetime Achievement in Hematology from the Coulter Foundation and the American Society of Hematology in part because of the clinical trials he ran, which established cladribine as the most effective treatment for hairy cell leukemia (HCL).[16]

Research directions

Cladribine has been studied as part of a multi-drug chemotherapy regimen for drug-resistant T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia.[19]

Multiple sclerosis

In 2010, a by mouth form of cladribine was studied for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.[20] Russia was the first country to approve it for treating multiple sclerosis on July 12, 2010.[21] Other applications, including in Europe and North America, were initially rejected by drug regulatory agencies due to weak evidence of safety and efficacy. In June 2011, Merck withdrew all marketing applications for cladribine tablets, and to stop selling it in Russia and Australia, where it had been approved it.[22]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Mantle Cell Lymphoma initiative
  5. ↑ Histiocytosis Association
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Cladribine Tablets for Multiple Sclerosis Significantly Reduced Relapse Rate in Two-Year Phase III Pivotal Trial
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Giovannoni G, et al., NEJM 2010
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/merck-serono-gives-up-on-getting-drug-candidate-for-multiple-sclerosis-approved/81245334/
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