Close-mid back rounded vowel
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Close-mid back rounded vowel | |
---|---|
o | |
IPA number | 307 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | o |
Unicode (hex) | U+006F |
X-SAMPA | o |
Kirshenbaum | o |
Braille | ![]() |
Sound | |
|
The close-mid back rounded vowel, or high-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨o⟩.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Contents
Features
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] | |||||||||||||||||||
IPA help • IPA key • chart • ![]() |
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans | Standard[1] | Botha | [ˈböˑtɐ] | 'Botha' | Near-back. Allophone of /oə/ in less stressed words, in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words and in word-finally when unstressed. In the second case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization [öə̯ ~ ö̯ə ~ öə].[1] See Afrikaans phonology |
Arabic | Egyptian | بؤ | [boʔ] | 'mouth' | See Egyptian Arabic phonology |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | hoga | [hoːga] | 'steam' | ||
Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[2] | [example needed] | |||
Bulgarian | уста | [os̪ˈt̪a] | 'mouth' | See Bulgarian language | |
Catalan[3] | sóc | [sok] | 'I am' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese | Cantonese | 高/gou1 | [kou] | 'tall' | See Cantonese phonology |
Wu | 花 | [ho] | 'flower' | ||
Czech | Bohemian[4] | oko | [ˈoko] | 'eye' | Backness varies between back and near-back; may be realized as mid [o̞] instead.[4] See Czech phonology |
Danish | Standard[5][6][7][8][9] | kone | [ˈkʰoːnə] | 'wife' | See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Standard Belgian[10] | kool | ![]() |
'cabbage' | In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [oʊ]. See Dutch phonology |
Northeastern | |||||
Standard Netherlandic |
|||||
Leuven | maken | [ˈmoːkə] | 'make' | Corresponds to /aː/ in standard Dutch. | |
English | Australian[11] | yawn | [joːn] | 'yawn' | See Australian English phonology |
Cockney[12] | In non-final position it can also be a diphthong like [oʊ] or [ɔo]. Word finally it's [ɔː]~[ɔə]~[ɔwə]. | ||||
New Zealand[13] | |||||
South African[14] | General and Broad varieties. Cultivated SAE has a more open vowel. | ||||
General Indian[15] | go | [ɡoː] | 'go' | ||
General Pakistani[16] | Varies between [oː~əʊ~ʊ]. | ||||
Multicultural London[17] | |||||
Scottish[18] | |||||
Singaporean[19] | |||||
Faroese | tosa | [ˈtoːsa] | 'speak' | ||
French[20] | réseau | ![]() |
'net' | See French phonology | |
German | Standard[21] | oder | ![]() |
'or' | See German phonology |
Hindustani | दो/دو | ![]() |
'two' | See Hindustani phonology | |
Hungarian | kór | [koːr] | 'disease' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Italian[22] | foro | [ˈfoːro] | 'hole' | See Italian phonology | |
Kaingang[23] | [pɪˈpo] | 'toad' | |||
Korean | 보수/bosu | [ˈpoːsu] | 'salary' | See Korean phonology | |
Limburgish | Most dialects[24][25][26] | hoof | [ɦoːf] | 'garden' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
Rural Weerts[27] | koke | [ˈkoːkə] | 'to cook' | Corresponds to /uə/ in the city dialect. The vowel transcribed /oː/ in the city dialect is actually a centering diphthong /oə/.[28] | |
Luxembourgish[29][30] | Sonn | [zon] | 'sun' | Sometimes realized as open-mid [ɔ].[30] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Marathi | गोड | [ɡoɖ] | 'sweet' | See Marathi phonology | |
Norwegian | Stavangersk[31] | lov | [lo̟ːʋ] | 'law' | Somewhat fronted.[31] See Norwegian phonology |
Polish | jojo | [ˈjojɔ] | 'yo-yo' | Allophone of /ɔ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese[32] | dois | [d̪ojʃ] | 'two' | See Portuguese phonology | |
Punjabi | ਹੋਰ | ![]() |
'more' | ||
Shiwiar[33] | [example needed] | Allophone of /a/.[33] | |||
Silesian | Ślůnsk | [ˈɕlonsk] | 'Silesia' | ||
Slovak | Some speakers[34] | telefón | [ˈt̻e̞le̞foːn] | 'telephone' | Realization of /oː/ reported to occur in dialects spoken near the river Ipeľ, as well as - under Hungarian influence - in some other speakers. Corresponds to mid [o̞ː] in standard Slovak.[34] See Slovak phonology |
Swedish | åka | ![]() |
'travel' | See Swedish phonology | |
Ukrainian | мотузка | [moˈtuzkɑ] | 'rope' | Unstressed allophone of /ɔ/ before stressed syllables with /u/. See Ukrainian phonology | |
Uzbek | Oʻzbek | [ozˈbek] | 'Uzbek' | ||
Vietnamese | tô | [toː] | 'bowl' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
West Frisian[35] | bok | [bok] | 'billy-goat' | See West Frisian phonology | |
Yoruba[36] | [example needed] |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lass (1987), p. 119.
- ↑ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dankovičová (1999:72)
- ↑ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ↑ Grønnum (2005:268)
- ↑ Grønnum (2003)
- ↑ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
- ↑ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ↑ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ↑ Wells (1982a:311)
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ↑ Lass (2002:116)
- ↑ Wells (1982b:626)
- ↑ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004:1009)
- ↑ Gimson (2014:91)
- ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ↑ Deterding (2000)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ↑ Peters (2006:119)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ↑ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
- ↑ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107, 109)
- ↑ Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Vanvik (1979:17)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Kráľ (1988:92)
- ↑ Tiersma (1999:10)
- ↑ Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
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