Close-mid front unrounded vowel
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Close-mid front unrounded vowel | |
---|---|
e | |
IPA number | 302 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | e |
Unicode (hex) | U+0065 |
X-SAMPA | e |
Kirshenbaum | e |
Braille | ![]() |
Sound | |
|
The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of this article follows this preference. However, a large number of linguists prefer the terms "high" and "low".[citation needed]
Features
IPA vowel chart | |||||||||||||||||||
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] | |||||||||||||||||||
IPA help • IPA key • chart • ![]() |
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans | Standard[1] | meter | [ˈmëˑtɐr] | 'meter' | Near-front. Allophone of /eə/ in less stressed words and in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words. In the latter case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization [ëə̯ ~ ë̯ə ~ ëə].[1] See Afrikaans phonology |
Arabic | Egyptian | ليه | [leː] | 'why' | See Egyptian Arabic phonology |
Gulf | ليش | [leːʃ] | See Arabic phonology | ||
Levantine | |||||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | heː | [heː] | 'yes' | Prominent in the Urmia, Nochiya and Jilu dialects. Can be closer to [i] for some speakers. Lowered to [e̞] in other varieties. | |
Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[2] | [example needed] | |||
Catalan[3] | séc | [s̠ek] | 'fold' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese | Cantonese | 鼻/bei6 | [pei˨˨] | 'nose' | See Cantonese phonology |
Mandarin | 飛/fēi | [feɪ̯˥] | 'to fly' | See Standard Chinese phonology | |
Wu | 隑/ge | [ɡe˩˧] | 'lean' | ||
Czech | Bohemian[4] | byli | [ˈbele] | 'they were' | Also described as near-close near-front [ɪ];[5] corresponds to close front [i] in Moravian Czech.[4] See Czech phonology |
Brno accent[6] | led | [let] | 'ice' | Corresponds to [ɛ ~ ɛ̠ ~ ɛ̝̈] in standard Czech.[7] See Czech phonology | |
Danish | Standard[8][9][10][11][12] | hæl | [ˈheːˀl] | 'heel' | Also described as open-mid ⟨ɛ⟩[13] - the way it is most often transcribed. It is mid [e̞] in the conservative variety.[14] See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Belgian[15] | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology |
Northeastern | |||||
Standard Netherlandic |
|||||
English | Australian[16] | bed | [bed] | 'bed' | See Australian English phonology |
General Indian[17] | play | [pl̥e(ː)] | 'play' | ||
General Pakistani[18] | Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker. | ||||
Multicultural London[19] | |||||
Scottish[20] | |||||
Singaporean[21] | |||||
Tyneside[22] | |||||
Ulster[23] | Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast. | ||||
Cardiff[24] | kit | [ke̠t] | 'kit' | Near-front;[24] corresponds to /ɪ/ in other dialects. | |
Faroese | eg | [eː] | 'I' | ||
French[25] | beauté | [bot̪e] | 'beauty' | See French phonology | |
Galician | tres | [t̪ɾes] | 'three' | ||
Georgian[26] | მეფჱ | [mɛpʰej] | 'king' | ||
German | Standard[27] | Seele | ![]() |
'soul' | See German phonology |
Hindustani | दे / دے | [d̪eː] | 'give!' | See Hindustani phonology | |
Icelandic[28][29][30] | vinur | [ˈveːnөr] | 'friend' | Most often transcribed /ɪ/. See Icelandic phonology | |
Italian[31] | stelle | [ˈs̪t̪elle] | 'stars' | See Italian phonology | |
Kaingang[32] | [ˈkɾe] | 'thigh' | |||
Korean | 베다/beda | [ˈpeːda] | 'to cut' | See Korean phonology | |
Limburgish | Most dialects[33][34][35] | leef | [leːf] | 'dear' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
Rural Weerts[36] | beek | [beːk] | 'stream' | Corresponds to /iə/ in the city dialect. The vowel transcribed /eː/ in the city dialect is actually a centering diphthong /eə/.[37] | |
Luxembourgish[38][39] | drécken | [ˈdʀekən] | 'to push' | Allophone of /e/ before velar consonants; in free variation with [ɛ].[39] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Malay | bebek | [bebeʔ] | 'duck' | See Malay phonology | |
North Frisian | ween | [ʋeːn] | 'blue' | ||
Norwegian | Standard Eastern[40] | le | [l̪eː] | 'laugh' | Often diphthongized to [eə̯]. See Norwegian phonology |
Polish[41] | dzień | ![]() |
'day' | Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese[42] | mesa | [ˈmezɐ] | 'table' | See Portuguese phonology | |
Punjabi | ਸੇਬ | [seːb] | 'apple' | ||
Romanian | Muntenian dialects[43] | vezi | [vezi][stress?] | 'eyelash' | Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Russian[44] | шея | ![]() |
'neck' | Occurs only before soft consonants. See Russian phonology | |
Shiwiar[45] | [example needed] | Allophone of /a/.[45] | |||
Slovak | Dialects spoken near the river Ipeľ[46] | dcéra | [ˈt͡seːrä] | 'daughter' | In standard Slovak, the backness varies between front and near-front; most commonly, it is realized as mid [e̞ː] instead.[47] See Slovak phonology |
Standard[48] | |||||
Swedish | se | ![]() |
'see' | See Swedish phonology | |
Vietnamese | tê | [te] | 'numb' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
West Frisian[49] | ik | [ek] | 'I' | Also described as mid [e̞];[50] typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɪ⟩. See West Frisian phonology | |
Yoruba[51] | [example needed] | ||||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan[52] | [example needed] | — | — | Occurs mostly after [i], otherwise the vowel is central [ɘ]. |
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lass (1987), p. 119.
- ↑ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:228–229)
- ↑ Dankovičová (1999:72)
- ↑ Palková (1999:187)
- ↑ Dankovičová (1999:72)
- ↑ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ↑ Grønnum (2005:268)
- ↑ Grønnum (2003)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:45)
- ↑ "John Wells's phonetic blog: Danish". 5 November 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
- ↑ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ↑ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ↑ Wells (1982:626)
- ↑ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004:1010)
- ↑ Gimson (2014:91)
- ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ↑ Deterding (2000:?)
- ↑ Watt & Allen (2003:268–269)
- ↑ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Coupland (1990:93)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ↑ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
- ↑ Árnason (2011:60)
- ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ↑ Haugen (1958:65)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ↑ Peters (2006:119)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ↑ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
- ↑ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107, 109)
- ↑ Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ↑ Vanvik (1979:13)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:106)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:44)
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- ↑ Kráľ (1988:92)
- ↑ Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
- ↑ Pavlík (2004:95)
- ↑ Tiersma (1999:10)
- ↑ Sipma (1913:10)
- ↑ Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
- ↑ Merrill (2008:109–10)
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